Voice Alternations (Active, Passive, Middle)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Teresa Guasti
Keyword(s):  
Subject Position ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Internal Argument ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Chain

Acquisition of the passive voice has been studied since the sixties; these earlier results have provided evidence for difficulties in both comprehension and production at 4–5 years of age with differences depending on the shape of sentences and the type of verbs involved. This led to an interpretation expressed in the A-chain deficit hypothesis, whereby children are challenged by movement of the internal argument to the subject position. More recent studies, using new techniques and new insights, have shown an earlier mastery of some passives (age 3), have narrowed down the scope of difficulties focusing more thoroughly on specific sources of challenge and this has promoted new interpretative hypotheses.

Canonical and reverse predication in the syntax of the active/passive diathesis alternation

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-187
Author(s):  
Marcel den Dikken
Keyword(s):  
External Argument ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Active Voice ◽  
Accusative Case ◽  
Internal Argument ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Secondary Predication ◽  
Predication Relation

This chapter defends an analysis of the active/passive alternation sharing with Collins’s smuggling proposal the idea that the participial VP occupies a specifier position above the external argument, but base-generating it in this position rather than moving it there. In both the active and the passive, the VP and the external argument are in a predication structure, with a RELATOR mediating the predication relation. The active voice builds a canonical predication structure, with the VP in the RELATOR’S complement position and the subject of predication as the specifier. In the passive voice, the VP is externally merged in the specifier of the RELATOR and the external argument in its complement. This analysis provides an explanation for obligatory auxiliation, the unavailability of accusative Case for the internal argument, Visser’s Generalization (the ban on personal passivization of subject control verbs), and the restrictions on referential dependencies and depictive secondary predication in passives.

scholarly journals Prosody and Processing: Comprehension and Production of Topic-Comment and Subject-Predicate Structures in Brazilian Portuguese / Prosódia e processamento: compreensão e produção de estruturas de tópico e de sujeito no português brasileiro

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1601
Author(s):  
Andressa Christine Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Aline Alves Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Reading Technique ◽  
The Subject

Abstract: This paper explores the influence of prosody in the processes of comprehension and production of sentences in Brazilian Portuguese with topic-comment syntactic structure and sentences with subject-predicate syntactic structure, in active or passive voice. Three experimental activities were carried out, one production task and two comprehension tasks. Experiment 1 consisted of a perception task with the ABX technique, and it aimed to test if hearers recognize prosodic differences between topicalized Determinant Phrases (DPs) and DPs in subject position. Experiment 2 consisted of a sentence elicitation task with Cross-modal naming technique and it aimed to investigate whether Portuguese native speakers produce a subject-predicate structure or a topic-comment structure in contexts that favor the occurrence of these syntactic structures in speech. Experiment 3 consisted of a comprehension task with Self-paced listening and reading technique and it aimed to investigate whether prosodic characteristics of a DP, in topic or subject position, can guide hearers during the processing in order to distinguish between these two syntactic categories. From the comprehension/perception perspective, the results of the experiments 1 and 3 indicated that speakers recognize the prosodic differences between the topicalized DPs and the subject DPs, and use such characteristics during linguistic processing. From the production perspective, the results of experiment 2 revealed that speakers are able to produce sentences consistent with topic-comment and subject-predicate syntactic structures when the context favors the occurrence of one of them. Nevertheless, the results also reveal a preference for the subject-predicate structure over the topic-comment structure in BP.Keywords: prosody-syntax; topic-comment; subject-predicate.Resumo: Este trabalho investiga a influência da prosódia nos processos de compreensão e produção de sentenças com elementos topicalizados, do tipo tópico-comentário, e sentenças com a estrutura de sujeito-predicado, na voz ativa ou passiva, do Português Brasileiro. Aplicaram-se três atividades experimentais, uma tarefa de produção e duas de compreensão. O Experimento 1 consistiu em um teste de percepção com a técnica ABX, cujo objetivo foi testar se ouvintes reconhecem as diferenças prosódicas entre Determinant Phrases (DPs) topicalizados e DPs em posição de sujeito não topicalizado. O Experimento 2 consistiu em um teste de elicitação de frases com imagens do tipo Cross-modal naming, cujo objetivo foi investigar se em contextos que favorecem a ocorrência de estruturas de sujeito ou de estruturas topicalizadas, os falantes produzem frases consistentes com tais estruturas sintáticas. O Experimento 3 consistiu em uma tarefa de compreensão, com a técnica Self-paced listening and reading, cujo objetivo foi investigar se as características prosódicas de um DP, em posição de tópico ou de sujeito, conseguem guiar o processamento linguístico dos ouvintes na distinção entre essas duas categorias sintáticas. Na compreensão/percepção, os resultados dos experimentos indicaram que os falantes reconhecem as diferenças prosódicas entre os DPs topicalizados e os DPs em posição de sujeito, e utilizam tais características durante o processamento linguístico. Na produção, os resultados revelaram que os falantes produzem frases consistentes com estruturas sintáticas de tópico e de sujeito quando o contexto favorece o aparecimento delas, entretanto, apontam para uma preferência da estrutura de sujeito como default no PB.Palavras-chave: prosódia-sintaxe; tópico-comentário; sujeito-predicado.

Zur Pragmatik und Grammatik der Wissenschaftskommunikation. Ein Modellierungsvorschlag

Fachsprache ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 36-60
Author(s):  
Mathilde Hennig ◽  
Dániel Czicza
Keyword(s):  
Language Variation ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Communication In Science

The article aims to examine grammatical features and pragmatic concerns of communicating in the sciences. In the research of certain languages, it became common to explaingrammatical features such as the usage of passive voice and nominal structures by communication requirements such as objectivity and precision. With the assumption that communication in science is designed to help gain and spread new insight, the authors tried to integrate several approaches to pragmatic and grammatical features of communication. By discussing the relationship between the grammar of certain languages and of the corresponding common language, the article also places the subject of communication in the sciences in the discipline of language variation.

scholarly journals The Illness Experience: Palliative Care Given the impossibility of Healing

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (spe) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarida Maria Florêncio Dantas ◽  
Maria Cristina Lopes de Almeida Amazonas
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experience Of Illness ◽  
Therapeutic Possibilities

This paper presents a reflection about being terminally ill and the various ways that the subject has at its disposal to deal with this event. The objective is to understand the experience of palliation for patients undergoing no therapeutic possibilities of cure. The methodology of this study has the instruments to semi-structured interview, the participant observation and the field diary, and the Descriptive Analysis of Foucault’s inspiration how the narratives of the subjects were perceived. The Results of paper there was the possibility of looking at the experience of illness through the eyes of a subject position assumed by the very sick. As conclusion we have than when choosing palliative care, the terminally ill opts for a way to feel more comfortable and resists the impositions of the medical model of prolonging life.

Convection tectonics: some possible effects upon the Earth's surface of flow from the deep mantle

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1199-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tuzo Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Gulf Of Aden ◽  
Upward Flow ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Ocean Ridges ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Mid Ocean Ridge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ocean Ridge

Until a little more than a century ago the land surface not only was the only part of the Earth accessible to humans but also was the only part for which geophysical and geochemical methods could then provide any details. Since then scientists have developed ways to study the ocean floors and some details of the interior of the Earth to ever greater depths. These discoveries have followed one another more and more rapidly, and now results have been obtained from all depths of the Earth.New methods have not contradicted or greatly disturbed either old methods or old results. Hence, it has been easy to overlook the great importance of these recent findings.Within about the last 5 years the new techniques have mapped the pattern of convection currents in the mantle and shown that these rise from great depths to the surface. Even though the results are still incomplete and are the subject of debate, enough is known to show that the convection currents take two quite different modes. One of these breaks the strong lithosphere; the other moves surface fragments and plates about.It is pointed out that if expanding mid-ocean ridges move continents and plates, geometrical considerations demand that the expanding ridges must themselves migrate. Hence, collisions between ridges and plates are likely to have occurred often during geological time.Twenty years ago it was shown that the effect of a "mid-ocean ridge in the mouth of the Gulf of Aden" was to enter and rift the continent. This paper points out some of the conditions under which such collisions occur and in particular shows that the angle of incidence between a ridge and a coastline has important consequences upon the result. Several past and present cases are used to illustrate that collisions at right angles tend to produce rifting; collisions at oblique angles appear to terminate in the lithosphere in coastal shears, creating displaced terrane, but in the mantle the upward flow may continue to uplift the lithosphere far inland and produce important surface effects; collisions between coasts and mid-ocean ridges parallel to them produce hot uplifts moving inland. For a time these upwellings push thrusts and folds ahead of them, but they appear to die down before reaching cratons.

Event spaces and the shaping of economic subjectivity: Inside the Social Enterprise World Forum

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-355
Author(s):  
Tom Baker ◽  
Ryan Jones ◽  
Michael Mann ◽  
Nick Lewis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Social Entrepreneur ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Global Conference

Drawing on observations at the 2017 Social Enterprise World Forum (SEWF) – a global conference held in Christchurch, New Zealand – this paper examines the significance of localised event spaces in shaping economic subjects and, by extension, economic sectors. Conferences such as the SEWF are sites and moments that provide access to new knowledge, foster collective action and shape the subjectivities of economic actors. We describe how the SEWF cultivated sympathetic affective responses towards social enterprise and the subject position of the social entrepreneur, and demonstrate how the local specificities of Christchurch, as a place, were key to the cultivation of social-entrepreneurial subjectivity at the SEWF.

On the Subject of Negative Auxiliary Inversion

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Blanchette ◽  
Chris Collins
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
Double Negation ◽  
Polarity Items ◽  
West Texas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scope Freezing

AbstractThis article presents a novel analysis ofNegative Auxiliary Inversion(NAI) constructions such asdidn't many people eat, in which a negated auxiliary appears in pre-subject position. NAI, found in varieties including Appalachian, African American, and West Texas English, has a word order identical to a yes/no question, but is pronounced and interpreted as a declarative. We propose that NAI subjects are negative DPs, and that the negation raises from the subject DP to adjoin to Fin (a functional head in the left periphery). Three properties of NAI motivate this analysis: (i) scope freezing effects, (ii) the various possible and impossible NAI subject types, and (iii) the incompatibility of NAI constructions with true Double-Negation interpretations. Implications for theories of Negative Concord, Negative Polarity Items, and the representation of negation are discussed.

The Techniques of Flow Measurement

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 458-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Medlock
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Large River ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Flow Metering ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of

Flow measurement has a long history extending over a period of about 3000 years, but it was only just over 200 years ago that the subject was first studied on a scientific basis and it was only 20 years ago that a surge of new techniques became available. Today there is a wide selection of methods and equipment to enable flow to be measured whether the medium is in the form of a liquid, gas, vapour or solid, or any combination thereof. According to the application, volumetric flow rate can be measured over a range exceeding 10−5m3/h to 106m3/h which in everday terms is equivalent to a cupful per day to the flow of a very large river. The price of a flowmeter can be as small as a few pounds or in excess of £1 million depending on the accuracy and capacity required. References are made to about 50 types of flow metering devices which can be classified into 11 groups.

scholarly journals Introduction to the Groningen static reservoir model

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. s39-s46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens A. Visser ◽  
Jose L. Solano Viota
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Reservoir Model ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Scientific Endeavour

AbstractThe assessment of the seismic hazard and risk associated with the extraction of gas from the Groningen field involves a chain of modelling efforts. The first step is a description of the 3D distribution of reservoir properties in the reservoir – the static reservoir model – and is the subject of this paper. Consecutive steps in the chain of models are described elsewhere in this volume. The construction of a static reservoir model is not strictly a scientific endeavour, but many of the applied modelling techniques are underpinned by extensive scientific research. This paper aims to give a general introduction to the approach followed by NAM to build static models for the Groningen field. More detailed accounts of the applied modelling techniques, the assessment of associated uncertainties or the usage of multiple modelling scenarios are beyond the scope of the current paper, but are referenced in the text.

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