Sidaama

2020 ◽  
pp. 542-552
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
The South ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Grammatical Relations ◽  
South Central ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This chapter describes the grammatical structure of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Highland East Cushitic language spoken in the south-central part of Ethiopia. Although more than three million people speak Sidaama, there has been relatively little research on the language. The introduction gives background information on the Sidaama language and the Sidaama people. The phonology section lists phonemes, consonant clusters, and geminates, and describes the suprasegmentals; it also presents morphophonemic rules. The section on parts of speech deals with types of nouns and verbs, similarities and differences between adjectives and nouns as well as between adjectives and verbs, various pronominal forms, and clitics. The morphology section discusses reduplication of verb roots, suprafixes on nouns and adjectives, and suffixes on nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Finally, the syntax section discusses grammatical relations, word order issues, external possessor constructions, and relative clauses.

scholarly journals ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASES IN THE OSSETIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Р.Г. ЦОПАНОВА ◽  
Э. ЧАНГИЗИ
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
The Common ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Different Levels

Цель данного исследования – определить сходство и различия в образовании атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что словосочетания в осетинском языке не исследовались в сравнении с аналогичными синтаксическими единицами в персидском языке.Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что сопоставительное изучение особенностей атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках даст возможность охарактеризовать общее и различное в этих языках в области синтаксиса словосочетания, что будет способствовать при необходимости лучшему изучению и исследованию этих языков в области синтаксиса, послужит также развитию межкультурной коммуникации осетин и иранцев, с которыми сейчас у осетин намечаются тесные культурные связи. Атрибутивные словосочетания в персидском языке чаще всего образуются на основе изафета, в ряде случаев используются послелог -ра и примыкание. В осетинском языке определение традиционно стоит перед определяемым словом и бывает выражено всеми знаменательными частями речи и связывается с ним падежными формами, существительными с несколькими послелогами, порядком слов. Для осетинского языка не характерна инверсия определения, но она возможна при его обособлении и изменении семантико-структурных и стилистических отношений между определением и определяемым словом. Инверсия определения не была чужда древнеперсидскому языку, а также языку скифов и алан, с которыми у осетин общее происхождение, на что указывает, помимо многих других свидетельств, лингвистическое единство этих языков на разных уровнях языковых структур. The purpose of this study is to determine the similarities and differences in the formation of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages. The novelty of the study lies in the fact, that phrases in the Ossetian language have not been studied in comparison with similar syntactic units in the Persian language. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that a comparative study of the features of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages will make it possible to characterize the common and different phrases in these languages in the field of syntax, which will contribute, if necessary, to a better study and research of these languages in the field of syntax, will also serve the development of intercultural communication of the Ossetians and the Iranians, with whom the Ossetians are now developing close cultural ties. Attributive phrases in the Persian language are most often formed on the basis of an isafet, in some cases postposition ‘ra’ and adjunctions are used. In the Ossetian language, the definition traditionally stands before the word being defined and is expressed by all significant parts of speech and is associated with it by case forms, nouns with several postpositions, word order. The inversion of the attribute is not typical for the Ossetian language, but it is possible with its isolation and change of semantic-structural and stylistic relations between the attribute and the word it attributes. The inversion of the attribute was not alien to the ancient Persian language, as well as to the language of the Scythians and Alans, with whom the Ossetians have common origin, which is indicated, among many other evidence, by the linguistic unity of these languages at different levels of linguistic structures.

scholarly journals ABOUT THE ISSUE OF WORD ORDER OF SOME COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE SOUTH BAHNAR SUB GROUP

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Cuong Khac Le
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Ethnic Culture ◽  
The South ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cultural Components

Language activities are closely connected to cultural components of a community. They are elements of a culture. Language is characteristic of a culture, and is the requirements for thinking activities to take place. Thanks to language, reality is divided into the concept that is expressed through words and phrases. It is words and phrases that fix ideas about the reality of humans into specific concepts. Therefore, we can say that language is multi-colored paintings of culture, and an embodiment of ethnic culture. The paper mentions the similarities and differences between the structure of coordinated compound nouns in the languages belonging to the South Bahnaric sub group and that of Vietnamese. These are very interesting examples illustrating how cultural characteristics have been shown by the mirror of language.

Проблемы значимости морфологических процессов в русском и арабском языках

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Т. Нестеренко
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Lexical Composition

Аннотация: Сопоставление грамматических категорий русского и арабского языков, выявление сходства и различий грамматического строя данных языков. Анализ именных грамматических категорий: числа, рода, одушевленности, степень их соответствия новому мировоззрению. В данном исследовании мы попытаемся рассмотреть проблемы развития двух языков через формирование их грамматического строя и выберем для сопоставления русский и арабский языки. Сопоставление данных двух языков вызывает огромный интерес еще и потому, что они принадлежат к разным языковым семьям: русский относится к индоевропейским языкам, а арабский – к семье афразийских языков, которые мы помним под устаревшим названием – группа семито-хамитских языков. Известно, что очень мало можно обнаружить сходства в грамматическом и лексическом составе, у языков, состоящих в разных языковых семьях. Анализ нынешнего состояния сопоставляемых языков, описанных в официальной науке, доказывает данную закономерность, в лексической и грамматической традициях. В нашем исследовании проанализируем состояния выбранных нами грамматических категорий современного русского и литературного арабского языков в современной мире и в процессе их зарождения. Ключевые слова: арабский язык, русский язык, грамматическая категория, части речи, род, число, одушевленность, анализ, сходство и различия. Аннотация: Бул макалада биз тилдердин өнүгүүсүнүн маселесине, алардын грамматикалык категориясынын өнүгүүсүнө көңүл бурганга аракет кылабыз. Изилдөөгө эки тилди тандайбыз: орус тилдин жана араб тилдин. Бул эки тилдин салыштыруусу абдан кызык нерсе болуп эсептелет, анткени алар эки башка макро-тайпага киришет: орус тили индоевропалык тил тайпасына, ал эми араб тили Азия-Африка тилдеринин семит тобуна кирет. Эки тилдин айырмалоочу белгилери көп болсо, алардын лексикалык курамынын жана грамматикалык түзүлүшүнүн окшоштугу аз болот. Азыркы замандагы эки тилдин абалынын анализи бул сөздөрдү тууралыгын аныктайт. Бул макалада биз эки тилди грамматикалык категорияларынын абалын талдоо жүргүзөбүз. Түйүндүү сөздөр: Араб тили, орус тили, грамматикалык категория, сөз түркүмдөрдүн бөлүнүшү, сан, талдоо, окшоштугу, айырмалыгы, жөндөмөлөр-падеж. Annotation: In this article we will try to look at the problems of language develop- ment through the development of their grammatical categories and choose two languages for research: Russian and Arabic. The comparison of these two languages is also of some interest because they belong to different macro-families: Russian belongs to the Indo-European languages, and Arabic – to the Afrasian languages, which until recently were called the group of Semitic languages. It is known that the further the two languages are separated from each other by the known classification, the less we will find similarities between them in the lexical composition and grammatical structure. Analysis of the current state of these two languages, available in official science, confirms this pattern, both at the level of vocabulary and at the level of gram- matical tradition. In this article we will analyze the state of some grammatical categories of these two languages not only at this stage, but also in the process of their development. Key words: Arabic language, Russian language, grammatical category, grammati- cal parts of speech, category of gender, category of number, animacy, review, similarities and differences.

Archi

2021 ◽  
pp. 279-316
Author(s):  
Marina Chumakina
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Language Endangerment ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
The One

The chapter provides a description of Archi, a Lezgic language of the Nakh-Daghestanian family spoken in one village in the highlands of Daghestan. First, the current sociolinguistic situation delivers a view of the language endangerment risks, then the chapter gives an overview of Archi phonological system and discusses the morphosyntactic properties of Archi nouns, pronouns, and minor lexical classes. Next, the article gives an overview of the Archi verb morphosyntax. The chapter then discusses the structure of the simple clause covering such topics as word order, finiteness, valency classes, negation, and agreement, among others. Complex sentences (clause chaining and converbs, relative clauses, complement clauses, adverbial clauses, and long-distance anaphora) are discussed. The chapter closes with outstanding issues that require further research. Whenever possible, the chapter views Archi against the general background of Nakh-Daghestanian languages and discusses the similarities and differences. Due to its unusual history (a Lezgic language which lost the contact with other languages of the group very early on and developed with Lak and Avar as its immediate neighbors), Archi has preserved some archaic phonological as well as morphosyntactic features of Lezgic on the one hand and shows the results of the contact with non-Lezgic languages on the other.

Postnominal relative clauses in Chinese

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1501-1542
Author(s):  
Fang Wang ◽  
Fuyun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Aspect Markers

AbstractIn contrast to well-studied prenominal relative clauses (RCs) in Chinese, little has been known about postnominal RCs that are non-canonical but existent in spoken Chinese. Focusing on Standard Mandarin, this paper examines in a large-scale spoken corpus the distributional patterns of postnominal RCs. Using distribution patterns of prenominal RCs in existing corpus studies as benchmarks, we show that postnominal RCs in our spoken corpus of Standard Mandarin tend to modify sentential objects more frequently than sentential subjects, and that they are likely to be short, with extremely rare presence of aspect markers. Based on these patterns, we propose that postnominal RCs in Standard Mandarin are mostly afterthoughts, motivated by information structure of spoken languages and word order principles. To better understand their general coverage, we further investigate postnominal RCs in Chinese dialects using available resources, including Yue, Min, Xiang, and Wu, followed by a raw comparison of cross-dialectal similarities and differences. We conclude that postnominal RCs in Chinese are similarly motivated, but their degrees of grammaticalization vary.

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