Проблемы значимости морфологических процессов в русском и арабском языках

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Т. Нестеренко
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Lexical Composition

Аннотация: Сопоставление грамматических категорий русского и арабского языков, выявление сходства и различий грамматического строя данных языков. Анализ именных грамматических категорий: числа, рода, одушевленности, степень их соответствия новому мировоззрению. В данном исследовании мы попытаемся рассмотреть проблемы развития двух языков через формирование их грамматического строя и выберем для сопоставления русский и арабский языки. Сопоставление данных двух языков вызывает огромный интерес еще и потому, что они принадлежат к разным языковым семьям: русский относится к индоевропейским языкам, а арабский – к семье афразийских языков, которые мы помним под устаревшим названием – группа семито-хамитских языков. Известно, что очень мало можно обнаружить сходства в грамматическом и лексическом составе, у языков, состоящих в разных языковых семьях. Анализ нынешнего состояния сопоставляемых языков, описанных в официальной науке, доказывает данную закономерность, в лексической и грамматической традициях. В нашем исследовании проанализируем состояния выбранных нами грамматических категорий современного русского и литературного арабского языков в современной мире и в процессе их зарождения. Ключевые слова: арабский язык, русский язык, грамматическая категория, части речи, род, число, одушевленность, анализ, сходство и различия. Аннотация: Бул макалада биз тилдердин өнүгүүсүнүн маселесине, алардын грамматикалык категориясынын өнүгүүсүнө көңүл бурганга аракет кылабыз. Изилдөөгө эки тилди тандайбыз: орус тилдин жана араб тилдин. Бул эки тилдин салыштыруусу абдан кызык нерсе болуп эсептелет, анткени алар эки башка макро-тайпага киришет: орус тили индоевропалык тил тайпасына, ал эми араб тили Азия-Африка тилдеринин семит тобуна кирет. Эки тилдин айырмалоочу белгилери көп болсо, алардын лексикалык курамынын жана грамматикалык түзүлүшүнүн окшоштугу аз болот. Азыркы замандагы эки тилдин абалынын анализи бул сөздөрдү тууралыгын аныктайт. Бул макалада биз эки тилди грамматикалык категорияларынын абалын талдоо жүргүзөбүз. Түйүндүү сөздөр: Араб тили, орус тили, грамматикалык категория, сөз түркүмдөрдүн бөлүнүшү, сан, талдоо, окшоштугу, айырмалыгы, жөндөмөлөр-падеж. Annotation: In this article we will try to look at the problems of language develop- ment through the development of their grammatical categories and choose two languages for research: Russian and Arabic. The comparison of these two languages is also of some interest because they belong to different macro-families: Russian belongs to the Indo-European languages, and Arabic – to the Afrasian languages, which until recently were called the group of Semitic languages. It is known that the further the two languages are separated from each other by the known classification, the less we will find similarities between them in the lexical composition and grammatical structure. Analysis of the current state of these two languages, available in official science, confirms this pattern, both at the level of vocabulary and at the level of gram- matical tradition. In this article we will analyze the state of some grammatical categories of these two languages not only at this stage, but also in the process of their development. Key words: Arabic language, Russian language, grammatical category, grammati- cal parts of speech, category of gender, category of number, animacy, review, similarities and differences.

TO THE QUESTION OF THE ETYMOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE OSSETIAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Б. Сатцаев
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Current State ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Stable Part ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Mixed Origin ◽  
Lexical Composition

Нынешнее состояние осетинского языка это результат сложных исторических процессов. Словарный запас осетинского языка имеет смешанный характер. В нем сосуществуют и взаимодействуют древнейшая лексика индоевропейского и иранского происхождения с заимствованной лексикой. Современные иранские языки формировались в условиях взаимовлияния. И осетинский же на протяжении около двух тысяч лет находился вне каких-либо постоянных контактов с родственными иранскими языками. Он приобрел обособленное положение среди иранских языков и существенно среди них выделяется. Осетинский язык сохранил в своем лексическом составе немалое количество слов древнейшего происхождения, которые остались от эпохи индоевропейской языковой общности. Однако в нем получили широкое отражение изоглоссы с другими индоевропейскими языками. Несмотря на обширность пространства, занятого иранскими народами, их языки еще до конца I-го тысячелетия до н.э. сохраняли значительную степень первоначальной общности. В течение 25 веков осетинский (скифский) язык находился в тесном взаимодействии с другими языками. Процесс заимствований иноязычных слов в осетинском языке наблюдается с древнейших времен. Среди этих заимствований кавказский элемент занимает особое место. Эти существенные особенности осетинского языка принято считать влиянием кавказского субстрата. Несмотря на влияние других языков, осетинский язык сохранил основной иранский фонд лексики, который служит основной и наиболее устойчивой частью его словарного состава. The current state of the Ossetian language is the result of the series of complex historical processes. The vocabulary of the Ossetian language is of mixed origin. The oldest vocabulary of Indo-European and Iranian origin coexists and interacts with borrowed vocabulary. Modern Iranian languages were formed in conditions of their mutual influence. Ossetian, for about two thousand years, was out of any constant contact with related Iranian languages. The Osetian language gained a separate position among the Iranian languages and stands out among them significantly. The Ossetian language has retained in its lexical composition a considerable number of words of the most ancient origin, which have remained from the era of the Indo-European linguistic community. However, isoglosses with other Indo-European languages were widely reflected in it. Despite the vastness of the space occupied by the Iranian peoples, their languages until the end of the 1st millennium BC retained a significant degree of initial commonality. Over the course of 25 centuries, the Ossetian (Scythian) language was in close interaction with other languages. The process of borrowing foreign words in the Ossetian language has been observed since ancient times. Among these borrowings, the Caucasian elements occupy a special place. These essential features of the Ossetian language are considered to be the influence of the Caucasian substrate. Despite the influence of other languages, the Ossetian language has retained the main Iranian vocabulary, which serves as the main and most stable part of its vocabulary.

Study of Russian Adjectival Prefixes «raz-/ras-» and «pre-», and Ways of Their Expression in Persian Language

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Hosein Gholami ◽  
Nemat Salman-Asl
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Similarities And Differences

In this article we analyze prefixes «раз-/рас-» and «пре-», that denote highest degree of quality, and by means of which adjectives can be formed in Russian language. They were chosen from among number of prefixes, that form adjectives, because they have synonymous meanings, yet they are different. Differentiation between meanings of these prefixes and shades of their meanings plays an important role in comprehending speech and also during translation/interpretation from one language to another. In this research we also determine similarities and differences between these prefixes, bring examples for each prefix in conjunction with different adjectives, translate them to Persian language, and in the end mark and classify meaning/ meanings of each prefix within the framework of Persian language’s parts of speech, with the help of which meaning/meanings of prefixes can be transferred to Persian language.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL ASPECTS IN THE RUSSIAN AND SPANISH LANGUAGES AS A BASIS FOR PREPARING ETHNO-ORIENTED EXERCISES

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
T. V. Samosenkova ◽  
◽  
A. V. Korneeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Verbal Aspect ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Linguistic Interference ◽  
Entire Sentence ◽  
Similarities And Differences

In this article, we conduct a comparative analysis of the category of verbal aspect in the Russian and Spanish languages. We assume that a comparative analysis of linguistic phenomena in different languages is important in teaching Russian as a foreign language, since taking into account the students’ native language makes it easier to teach certain linguistic features when such features are identical in two languages. At the same time, it helps students avoid negative linguistic interference, which is the cause of many typical errors. The relevance of this topic is due to the constant increase in the number of Spanish-speaking students coming to study at preparatory faculties for foreign citizens at Russian universities. The topic Verbal Aspects is one of the most difficult ones to understand for foreigners, including those who speak Spanish. First of all, it is due to the peculiarities of the use and perception of this category in the students’ native language. The purpose of this article is to identify the peculiar features of conveying aspectual meanings, the similarities and differences in the use of the category of verbal aspect in both languages in order to subsequently develop ethno-oriented exercises for Spanish-speaking students, as well as to develop recommendations for providing ethno-oriented materials for a Hispanic audience. The following research methods are used in the article: the method of systemic-functional analysis, the method of complex theoretical analysis of the phenomenon under study, the method of comparative analysis that allows us to observe similarities and differences in the grammatical category of verbal aspect in Russian and in Spanish. In this article, we analyzed three possible ways for conveying Russian verbal aspects in Spanish: lexical, peripheral and morphological. However, if in Russian it may be enough to replace an imperfective verb with a perfective verb in order to change the meaning of a sentence, then in Spanish the structure of the entire sentence often changes. Thus, we cannot talk about the existence of a Spanish grammatical category analogous to the verbal aspect in the Russian language. The analysis will help us take into account the difficulties and cases of negative linguistic interference faced by Spanish-speaking students when studying the Russian verbal aspects, and create ethno-oriented exercises aimed at minimizing the students’ errors.

The challenge of a “lacking” language

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Literacy Education ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Complex Morphology ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Grammatical Tradition

Abstract In the eyes of early modern European scholars, Chinese was commonly regarded as a “lacking” language: lacking its own grammatical tradition or “grammatics”; lacking the complex morphology of the classical European languages; even lacking its own “parts of speech” or word classes. In the late 19th century Ma Jianzhong created a grammatics for Chinese by adapting the categories of Latin grammar - and with a good understanding of the similarities and differences between the two languages - but the Chinese grammarians who followed him have struggled with the question of what might be common to all languages and what might be distinctive to Chinese. Ma saw a Chinese grammatics as a way to fill a gap in the country's literacy education, and this applied focus has been shared by most Chinese grammarians since, something which has tended to put restrictions on their description and theorising. A historical perspective is thus absolutely essential for understanding the practical and ideological problems Chinese grammatics continues to face, and can also throw light on the general challenge of extending “European grammar” to non-European languages.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis And Criteria For Highlighting The Circumstances Of The Course Of Action In Pashto And Russian

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
Eleonora Ilsurovna Zamaleeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Selection Of

The article is devoted to the comparative, as well as the criteria for highlighting the circumstance of the mode of action in the Pashto language, approaches to the selection of the circumstance of the mode of action among other grammatical categories in Pashto and Russian. In terms of the functional features of adverbs, it is worth noting that an adverb always performs the function of a circumstance in a sentence. For example, the circumstances of time, place, degree, or mode of action in both Pashto and Russian. In the adverbialization characteristic of the Pashto language adverbs, it can be noted that this paragraph considers the process of the transition of adverbs to other parts of speech. In the Pashto language, as in the Russian language, the circumstance is divided into the following groups: place, time, degree, mode of action, and others.

scholarly journals Development of Prepositional-Nominal Combination of a Noun in Modern Russian: Analytics in Grammatical System of Russian Language

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-129
Author(s):  
A. V. Pryanikov
Keyword(s):  
Related Problem ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Grammar School ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Russian Analytics ◽  
Modern Russian

The article is devoted to the analysis of analytical trends in the grammatical structure of the modern Russian language, manifested both at the morphological level - in the system of parts of speech, and at the syntactic level - in the system of types of sentences and its members. Attention is paid to the role in these processes of case forms and prepositional-nominal combination of the noun. It is shown in the article that when they perform a predicative function, their semantics change, leading in some cases to their convergence with the predicate - a hybrid analytical part of speech, highlighted in Russian by P. A. Lekant; factors contributing to this change are described. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of bisubstantive sentences with a locally characterizing meaning: a circle of connective verbs that are a constructive component of a connective substantive predicate is defined, intermediary and qualifying functions performed by them are considered, their syntagmatic potentials are determined, dictum, modus, and phasic connectives are described, which are one of the important elements of general language categories of rational and emotional. The problem of distinguishing between bisubstantive and incomplete (elliptic) sentences, as well as the related problem of distinguishing between the adverbial and predicative functions of spatial syntaxes, is touched upon. The role of Professor P. A. Lekant and his grammar school is particularly emphasized in the study of analyzed units.

Sidaama

2020 ◽  
pp. 542-552
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
The South ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Grammatical Relations ◽  
South Central ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This chapter describes the grammatical structure of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Highland East Cushitic language spoken in the south-central part of Ethiopia. Although more than three million people speak Sidaama, there has been relatively little research on the language. The introduction gives background information on the Sidaama language and the Sidaama people. The phonology section lists phonemes, consonant clusters, and geminates, and describes the suprasegmentals; it also presents morphophonemic rules. The section on parts of speech deals with types of nouns and verbs, similarities and differences between adjectives and nouns as well as between adjectives and verbs, various pronominal forms, and clitics. The morphology section discusses reduplication of verb roots, suprafixes on nouns and adjectives, and suffixes on nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Finally, the syntax section discusses grammatical relations, word order issues, external possessor constructions, and relative clauses.

scholarly journals КАТЕГОРИАЛНОСТ И НЕКАТЕГОРИАЛНОСТ В СИСТЕМАТА НА РУСКИТЕ ЧИСЛИТЕЛНИ ИМЕНА (В СЪПОСТАВКА С БЪЛГАРСКИ) / CATEGORIALITY AND NON-CATEGORIALITY IN THE SYSTEM OF RUSSIAN NUMERALS (IN COMPARISION WITH BULGARIAN)

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (PR) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
ENCHO TILEV
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Correct Classification ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Theoretical Linguistics ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Case Number

Few Indo-European languages categorize numerals as an independent part of speech. In all languages numerals are used to indicate the same extralinguistic quantity although in theoretical linguistics, researchers still argue for their correct classification. The aim of this paper is to take a closer look at some of the problems related to the categorical and non-categorial meanings of numerals in Russian and Bulgarian. The lexical peculiarity of the part of speech under study is intertwined with the functioning of the grammatical categories of case, number and gender. Although from a morphological point of view the grammatical categories are represented very sparsely, the available forms are characterized by exceptional originality and comprehensiveness, which is a further attestation to the connection between categoriality and noncategoriality. The analysis gives grounds to believe that numerals are the only part of speech in which non-categorial manifestations exceed categorial ones, which is a reason for further research within this class of words. Keywords: grammatical categoriality, noncategoriality, functional grammar, gram¬matical categories, Russian language, Bulgarian language, numerals

scholarly journals Indexation of modalation levels of finite verbs in peripheral zone of introductory-modal units

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Viktor Vasil'evich Shigurov
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Class A ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Class B ◽  
Linguistic Units

The object of this research is the linguistic mechanism of modalation in Russian language that produces lexical-semantic expressions of subjective modality of expression, and more extensively – of the text. Modalation is understood as a special type of functional and functional-semantic transposition of linguistic units from different parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech semantic-syntactic classification of introductory-modal words and expressions. The subject of this research is the levels of correspondence of differential signs of linguistic unit (verb), explicating in typical context a certain level of separation from the initial class (A) and convergence with the derivative class (B), deferential signs of prototypical (nuclear) representatives of class A and class B. Methodological framework contains the research of Russian and foreign author on the theory of parts of speech and syncretism in grammatical structure of a language. For determination of gradual form of modalation of the finite forms of verbs, the study applies oppositional method that allows describing on the scale of transitivity the different stages of their functional and functional-semantic transposition into the introductory-modal units. The index number calculation of correspondence of modalates to prototypical (nuclear) verbs and introductory-modal words and expressions is conducted using the indexing method. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that this work is firs to carry out indexing of correspondence of the peripheral deverbative modalates (“it is said”) to prototypical finite verbs (“are saying”) and prototypical devebative introductory-modal units (“perhaps”). As a result, it is established that in periphery zone of introductory-modal words and expressions, the modalate “it is said” shows 72% congruence (similarities and differences) with nuclear finite verbs (“are saying”) and 54% to nuclear deverbative introductory-modal words (“it seems”, “perhaps”).

scholarly journals The adverbs of place in the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
QINFEI DONG
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Localization ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
The Russian Language

Based on the materials of the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, this article examines the previously unstudied group of adverbs – the adverbs of place. The methods of continuous sampling and descriptive-analytical analysis revealed 56 adverbs of place in the second edition of the “Dictionary of Russian Dialects of Outer Manchuria”. Despite the fact that adverbs in the Russian literary language are have been thoroughly studied from the perspective of their semantics, motivation, and compatibility with other parts of speech, the Russian dialectology does not provide due description of the adverbial lexis. Compared to other parts of speech, the category of adverbs is less scientifically developed in the research dedicated to the dialects of late formation. This article presents the experience of describing the semantic characteristics of the adverbs of place typical solely for the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, detected via comparison with the linguistic units from the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”, “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language”, and “Dictionary of the Russian Language”. An attempt is made to classify the adverbs of place by the types of spatial relations, principles of spatial localization, as well as motivation of the parts of speech. The acquired results demonstrate that in the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, the adverbs of place differ not only in lexical composition, but also in semantics of the meanings from their analogues in other Russian folk dialects. They also feature the prevalence of units that characterize horizontal spatial localization.

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