Job-Finding among the Poor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Susan Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Weak Ties ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Job Seeking ◽  
Job Information ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Job Finding

This article examines whether social ties play a significant role in job seeking by poor people. A number of studies provide evidence that in relative and absolute terms, the poor rely heavily on social networks for job-finding. Without networks, poor job seekers are significantly less likely to find work. After considering what kinds of ties help the poor get ahead, this article discusses the role of weak ties as a source of job information and influence. It then explores the link between employment outcomes and network structure and composition as well as how people make leveraging ties, and how might this process of tie formation inform our understanding of network inequality. It also asks why leveraging ties are effective and concludes with an assessment of conditions that facilitate social capital activation.

Adolescent Reliance on Social Networks in Career Exploration

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cotterell
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Career Exploration ◽  
Weak Ties ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
Advisory System ◽  
Job Finding

This paper reviews research on the role of network ties in job-finding in order to suggest how social networks may operate as information-based systems exerting influences on adolescent career exploration. Strong network ties influence job-finding differently than weak ties. Reliance on network ties as information sources may explain the reluctance of some adolescents to seek advice from the school's formal career advisory system. Suggestions are given on how to provide a context for adolescent career exploration, using knowledge of network ties.

scholarly journals Information Asymmetry and Trust: A Framework for Studying Microfinance in India

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Sriram
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Informal Networks ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
Financial Transactions

In recent times, microfinance has emerged as a major innovation in the rural financial marketplace. Microfinance largely addresses the issue of access to financial services. In trying to understand the innovation of microfinance and how it has proved to be effective, the author looks at certain design features of microfinance. He first starts by identifying the need for financial service institutions which is basically to bridge the gap between the need for financial services across time, geographies, and risk profiles. In providing services that bridge this gap, formal institutions have limited access to authentic information both in terms of transaction history and expected behaviour and, therefore, resort to seeking excessive information thereby adding to the transaction costs. The innovation in microfinance has been largely to bridge this gap through a series of trustbased surrogates that take the transaction-related risks to the people who have the information — the community through measures of social collateral. In this paper, the author attempts to examine the trajectory of institutional intermediation in the rural areas, particularly with the poor and how it has evolved over a period of time. It identifies a systematic breach of trust as one of the major problems with the institutional interventions in the area of providing financial services to the poor and argues that microfinance uses trust as an effective mechanism to address one of the issues of imperfect information in financial transactions. The paper also distinguishes between the different models of microfinance and identifies which of these models use trust in a positivist frame and as a coercive mechanism. The specific objectives of the paper are to: Superimpose the role of trust in various types of exchanges and see how it impacts the effectiveness of repeated transactions. While greater access to information fosters trust and thus helps social networks to reduce transaction costs, there could be limits to which exchanges could solely depend on networks and trust. Look at the frontiers where mutual trust cannot work as a surrogate for lower appraisal costs. Use an example in the Canadian context and see how an entity that started on the basis of social networks and trust had to morph into using the techniques used by other formal nonneighbourhood institutions as it grew in size and went beyond a threshold. Using the Canadian example, the author argues that as the transactions get sophisticated, it is possible to achieve what informal networks have achieved through the creative use of information technology. While we find that the role of trust both in the positivist and the coercive frame does provide some interesting insights into how exchanges with the poor could be managed, there still could be breaches in the assumptions. This paper identifies the conditions under which the breaches could possibly happen and also speculates on the effect of such breaches.

scholarly journals EXPANDING SOCIAL TIES AS A GOAL IN LATER LIFE: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S175-S175
Author(s):  
Danielle Oleskiewicz ◽  
Karen Rook
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Support Provision ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Network Composition

Abstract Older adults often winnow their social ties to focus on emotionally rewarding ties (Charles & Carstensen, 2010). Some older adults, however, have small social networks that preclude much winnowing or aversive social ties from which disengagement is difficult. These individuals might be motivated to expand, rather than contract, their social ties. The current study sought to extend knowledge regarding potential links between social network characteristics and older adults’ interest, effort, and success in creating new social ties. We expected that small social networks and negative social ties might motivate interest and effort directed toward forming new social ties but that positive social ties might foster success in efforts to form new ties. In-person interviews were conducted with participants (N = 351, Mean age = 74.16) in a larger study of older adults’ social networks and well-being. The interviews assessed participants’ social networks, as well as their interest, effort, and success in making new social ties. Participants’ social network composition, rather than size, was associated with greater motivation to establish new social ties. Negative social ties were associated with greater interest and effort directed toward forming new social ties. Positive social ties were related to greater success (due, in part, to their support provision) and, unexpectedly, were also related to greater interest and effort directed toward forming new ties. Older adults sometimes seek to expand, rather than contract, their social ties, and characteristics of their social networks appear to play a role in fueling and influencing the success of such efforts.

scholarly journals Microfinance Institutions in Yemen “Hurdles and Remedies”

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Saleh Alshebami ◽  
V. Rengarajan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Remedial Measures ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Banking Institutions

The objective of this paper is to investigate the different types of hurdles limiting the growth and development of microfinance institutions operating in Yemen, and to suggest relevant recommendations that be used as a backup in the process of taking remedial measures. The study is both descriptive and analytical in nature. The data collected is based on both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was collected during the field study of ongoing PhD research study on the role of microfinance in mitigating poverty and unemployment in Yemen conducted in October 2015 by Mr. Ali Alshebami. Only a sample of nine MFIs was selected from The MFIs operating in the market, as the remaining MFIs could not be easily reached due to the prevailing persistent internal war situation. A few of these hurdles include but not limited the existence of insufficient funds necessary for financial business and the availability of poor physical infrastructure in the rural areas. In addition, the shortage of qualified human resources, the poor diversification of products and services, the political instability of the country, the wrong perception about lending to the poor and many others. Among other remedial measures, investible funds and designing of integrated financial products with the inclusion of micro insurance are essential, these two vital ones along with including the financial linkages between MFIs and formal banking institutions should be adopted for more enhancement. The study confirms that there are several difficulties and challenges, which hinder the MFIs from progressing and achieving their mission in terms of outreach to the poor people.

Role of Micro-Finance in Socio-Economic Development of Kathmandu, Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Dipak Bahadur Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Socio Economic Development

The focus of this paper is to analyze the role of micro-finance in socio-economic development of Kathmandu. Microfinance is a simple but effective credit tool that enables the most poor to pull themselves out of poverty. The socio-economic status of loanees has improved consequently than when they started small business with loan in the earlier days. Moreover, it was found that their socio-economic status was higher than that of non-loanees. Microcredit is an effective tool for raising the socio-economic status of the poor people, particularly the women.

Innovation Framing, Regulation, and User Adaptation Online

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-267
Author(s):  
Kate Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Crucial Element ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
User Adaptation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rule Making

Chapter 8 explores the role of regulation in shaping the interface between online and land-based bingo. It locates discussion of online bingo within debates about whether regulation by code is replacing the rule of law, and whether virtual life undermines sociality and community, including through its role in monetizing social networks and exploiting users’ participation. The chapter also seeks to add an online component to existing accounts of place competition and gambling—focused mostly on casino resorts—by showing that the where of play remained a crucial element of the UK debate about online gambling. The remainder of the chapter narrows the focus to online bingo regulation, to better flesh out the distinctive lessons it holds for a study of rule-making, game standardization, and technology. It outlines the current regulatory system for online bingo, before turning to the role of users (workers, players, and land-based bingo operators seeking an online presence) in game adaptation. The chapter shows that the agency of workers and players to adapt products and practices varies significantly between online and offline forms of bingo. Because workers have limited connection to players in online bingo games, and the infrastructures upon which the bingo relies allow for so little user adaptation, the capacity to ‘re-playify’ the game is far more restricted, and the designers of the technology have significantly more power. Moreover, software providers are able to capture far more profit from instrumentalizing players’ social ties than is possible for land-based operators. The chapter concludes with a call to revisit the enthusiasm for straightforwardly pluralistic approaches to categorization and definition.

The effectiveness of zakat in alleviating poverty and inequalities

Humanomics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naziruddin Abdullah ◽  
Alias Mat Derus ◽  
Husam-Aldin Nizar Al-Malkawi
Keyword(s):  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Main Determinants

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of zakat (the Islamic tax) in alleviating poverty and inequality in Pakistan using a newly developed index, namely, the Basic Needs Deficiency Index (BNDI). Design/methodology/approach – The study formulates an index (BNDI) to measure the deficiency and effectiveness of zakat as one of the different items of government expenditure/spending to alleviate poverty. In this paper, Pakistan is chosen as a case study for two reasons: the availability and accessibility of data required for computing BNDI; and, in the past, no index such as this had been used to measure poverty in Pakistan. Findings – The results obtained from the computation of the BNDI have been able to explain the effectiveness of zakat in alleviating poverty and inequality in Pakistan. Practical implications – The findings of the study can be used by policymakers to measure and improve the effectiveness of zakat in reducing poverty and inequality. Social implications – As the ultimate beneficiaries of zakat are the poor people, the outcome of this study may help improve their quality of life. Originality/value – The paper develops a new methodology to measure poverty alleviation in Pakistan, focusing on the poor households’ consumption/expenditure on basic needs, government spending in terms of zakat and the number of zakat recipients as the three main determinants. The index developed in the present study can be applied to measure the performance of all Muslim countries whose provision of zakat is embedded in the national agenda to alleviate poverty.

Role of NGOs in Promoting Micro Health Insurance: A Study with Reference to ‘Sampoorna Suraksha’ Health Insurance Scheme by SKDRDP, Mangalore (India)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Insurance Scheme ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Micro Health Insurance ◽  
Insurance Sector ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Hospitalization Costs

The insurance sector has penetrated towards many of the high-income individuals and families but was unable to reach to those poor who do not have the capacity to purchase these insurance products. Thus, it is has created a huge gap between the rich and the poor. Micro health insurance is a new phenomenon in the Indian insurance sector which is specifically designed for the poor. This insurance programme is very essential for the individuals to protect them from various uncertainties and risk. The insurance is normally a product designed for the convenience of the middle- and higher-income groups of people. The lower segments of the people are alienated from taking the insurance policies as the prices of the policies are too high and unaffordable for them. Microfinancial institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that work with urban and rural poor felt the need for the security of these people. Thus, many such institutions have come forward to offer insurance facilities to the poor. They have kept policy prices low and the premium was priced according to their level of income. The Shri Kshetra Dharmasthala Rural Development Programme (SKDRDP) is one such institution which has focused on medical and hospitalization costs of the poor people. Accordingly, they designed a favourable micro health insurance product named as ‘Sampoorna Suraksha’ health insurance scheme. The scheme was introduced in the year 2004 and has witnessed tremendous progress over the years. In this article, we have analyzed the concept of micro-insurance, its development in India, its delivery models etc. We have also evaluated the ‘Sampoorna Suraksha’ scheme of SKDRDP and the progress of the insurance scheme in terms of enrolment, claim settlement, premium collection etc. The main objective of this article is to analyze the role of NGOs towards micro health insurance. In order to make an appropriate study, we have used exploratory and descriptive research methodology by taking the SKDRDP as a unit of the case study.

Civil Society Organizations in Opposition to Healthcare Commercialization: Protecting Access for the Poor and Middle Class in Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajah Rasiah ◽  
Makmor Tumin ◽  
Latifa Musafar Hameed ◽  
Ibrahim Ndoma
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Development Processes

This article examines the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in contesting healthcare commercialization in Malaysia. The article uses a novel framework to analyze the emergence of CSOs to protect the interests of the disadvantaged against commercialization initiatives. CSO action has expanded following the formation of social networks and election into parliament of individuals who share their views to oppose healthcare commercialization in the country. Against the odds, the evidence suggests that a significant presence of CSOs has emerged to challenge healthcare commercialization. Political changes have also given CSOs the opportunity to campaign for the protection of the interests of the disadvantaged in Malaysia’s healthcare development processes.

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