Innovation Framing, Regulation, and User Adaptation Online

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-267
Author(s):  
Kate Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Crucial Element ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
User Adaptation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rule Making

Chapter 8 explores the role of regulation in shaping the interface between online and land-based bingo. It locates discussion of online bingo within debates about whether regulation by code is replacing the rule of law, and whether virtual life undermines sociality and community, including through its role in monetizing social networks and exploiting users’ participation. The chapter also seeks to add an online component to existing accounts of place competition and gambling—focused mostly on casino resorts—by showing that the where of play remained a crucial element of the UK debate about online gambling. The remainder of the chapter narrows the focus to online bingo regulation, to better flesh out the distinctive lessons it holds for a study of rule-making, game standardization, and technology. It outlines the current regulatory system for online bingo, before turning to the role of users (workers, players, and land-based bingo operators seeking an online presence) in game adaptation. The chapter shows that the agency of workers and players to adapt products and practices varies significantly between online and offline forms of bingo. Because workers have limited connection to players in online bingo games, and the infrastructures upon which the bingo relies allow for so little user adaptation, the capacity to ‘re-playify’ the game is far more restricted, and the designers of the technology have significantly more power. Moreover, software providers are able to capture far more profit from instrumentalizing players’ social ties than is possible for land-based operators. The chapter concludes with a call to revisit the enthusiasm for straightforwardly pluralistic approaches to categorization and definition.

scholarly journals EXPANDING SOCIAL TIES AS A GOAL IN LATER LIFE: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S175-S175
Author(s):  
Danielle Oleskiewicz ◽  
Karen Rook
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Support Provision ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Network Composition

Abstract Older adults often winnow their social ties to focus on emotionally rewarding ties (Charles & Carstensen, 2010). Some older adults, however, have small social networks that preclude much winnowing or aversive social ties from which disengagement is difficult. These individuals might be motivated to expand, rather than contract, their social ties. The current study sought to extend knowledge regarding potential links between social network characteristics and older adults’ interest, effort, and success in creating new social ties. We expected that small social networks and negative social ties might motivate interest and effort directed toward forming new social ties but that positive social ties might foster success in efforts to form new ties. In-person interviews were conducted with participants (N = 351, Mean age = 74.16) in a larger study of older adults’ social networks and well-being. The interviews assessed participants’ social networks, as well as their interest, effort, and success in making new social ties. Participants’ social network composition, rather than size, was associated with greater motivation to establish new social ties. Negative social ties were associated with greater interest and effort directed toward forming new social ties. Positive social ties were related to greater success (due, in part, to their support provision) and, unexpectedly, were also related to greater interest and effort directed toward forming new ties. Older adults sometimes seek to expand, rather than contract, their social ties, and characteristics of their social networks appear to play a role in fueling and influencing the success of such efforts.

scholarly journals Neighbourhoods, networks and unemployment: The role of neighbourhood disadvantage and local networks in taking up work

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802092537
Author(s):  
Leen Vandecasteele ◽  
Anette Eva Fasang
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Embeddedness ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Neighbourhood Effects ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Administrative Information ◽  
Disadvantaged Neighbourhood ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Employment Data

We bring together research on social networks and neighbourhood disadvantage to examine how they jointly affect unemployed individuals’ probability of re-entering employment. Data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study ‘Understanding Society’ provide information on the proportion of friends who live in the same neighbourhood, and are linked with small-scale administrative information on neighborhood employment deprivation. Results indicate that neighbourhood employment deprivation prolongs unemployment, but only for individuals who report that all of their friends live in the same neighbourhood. Living in an advantaged neighbourhood with all of one’s friends in the neighbourhood increases the chances of exiting unemployment. In contrast, neighbourhood location is not associated with unemployment exit if one’s friends do not live in the same neighbourhood. We conclude that neighbourhood effects on exiting unemployment critically depend on individuals’ social embeddedness in the neighbourhood. Not just residing in a disadvantaged neighbourhood, but actually living there with all one’s friends, prevents individuals from re-entering employment. This opens new avenues for theorising neighbourhood effects as social rather than geographic phenomena, and highlights that the effects of neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics are conditional on the level of interaction residents have within their neighbourhood.

13. The judiciary

2021 ◽  
pp. 303-326
Author(s):  
Anne Dennett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Judicial Power ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the role of the judiciary in the UK constitution, the critically important concepts of judicial independence and neutrality, accountability of judges, and judicial power. The UK courts administer justice; uphold the rule of law; and act as a check on executive power. Judicial independence requires that judges should be free from external influences in their decision-making, and make decisions without political interference or fear of reprisal. Meanwhile, judicial neutrality means that judges should determine legal disputes impartially, objectively, and solely by applying the law. At first sight, judicial accountability seems inconsistent with being independent, but it is essential that the judiciary adheres to the highest standards in carrying out its functions. In the absence of a codified constitution, the boundaries of judicial power operate within a framework of constitutional principles and conventions, but there is debate over the limits of that power.

Job-Finding among the Poor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Susan Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Weak Ties ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Job Seeking ◽  
Job Information ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Job Finding

This article examines whether social ties play a significant role in job seeking by poor people. A number of studies provide evidence that in relative and absolute terms, the poor rely heavily on social networks for job-finding. Without networks, poor job seekers are significantly less likely to find work. After considering what kinds of ties help the poor get ahead, this article discusses the role of weak ties as a source of job information and influence. It then explores the link between employment outcomes and network structure and composition as well as how people make leveraging ties, and how might this process of tie formation inform our understanding of network inequality. It also asks why leveraging ties are effective and concludes with an assessment of conditions that facilitate social capital activation.

scholarly journals Trust, cell phones, social networks and agricultural entrepreneurship in East Africa: A dynamic interdependence

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (47) ◽  
pp. 5373-5388
Author(s):  
K Mehta ◽  
◽  
A Maretzki ◽  
L Semali
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Economic Capital ◽  
Agricultural Entrepreneurship

African entrepreneurs operate with in homogenous, tightly knit social networks of tru sted individuals. ‘Who you know’ networks can provide these entrepreneurs with significant advantages in social, economic or political situations. However, the challenge of expanding beyond such networks to access new knowledge, skills and resources can be met only by establishing relationships with individuals outside their existing sphere of trust. The widespread adoption of cell phone s has radically impacted the social connectedness of agro -entrepreneurs in Africa and deeply affected their social networks and livelihoods. Cell phones help to easily maintain long distance business connections as well as social ties and decrease dependency on local, face -to-face interactions. New weak social ties may be economically beneficial because they can provide access to new resources and create larger networks. The mobile phone enables and accelerates these social network transformations and helps entrepreneurs aggregate and leverage social capital. A symbiotic relationship exists between social and economic capital. Social capital is generated through the existence of trust which, in turn, encourages cooperation in the generation of economic capital. The existence f trust can promote the growth of an individual's business network which could, in turn, promote greater economic activity. Trust assumes a very important role in developing communities where there is a significant overlap between people’s social and economic networks. This paper defines the crucial role of trust in the complex interdependent relationships among social networks, cell phones and agricultural entrepreneurship. We present a diagram which illustrates that the most compelling opportunities for sustainable value creation and self -determined development in Africa may exist at the intersection of cell phone s, social networks and entrepreneurship, with the necessary condition that trust, the glue that holds these elements together, is present. A capstone case- study of a nutribusiness cooperative established in the 1990s suggests the importance of social networks and trust building in an entrepreneurial venture involving rural Kenyan women. This paper provides the context for a companion research paper on the “who you know” social and economic network knowledge systems among rural women agro- entrepreneurs in Northern Tanzania and the role cell phones play within these networks. We use secondary data, including academic publications, UN datasets, business ventures and persona l observations to describe the role of trust in the dynamic interdependence among entrepreneurship, social networks and cell phone s that is crucial for the establishment of sustainable agricultural business ventures in East Africa.

Gender Differences in SIOP Research Fellows’ Publication Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah T. McMillan ◽  
Kristen Shockley ◽  
Dorothy R. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social

Gardner, Ryan, and Snoeyink (2018) provide illuminating analyses regarding the role of gender in career advancement within industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology. One of their suggestions for further advancing this area of research is to examine homophily, defined as the tendency for individuals to have social ties with those who are similar to themselves, in the social networks of men and women in the field. Such research is warranted because social networks—in particular, the networks of research collaboration relationships (e.g., publications, grants) scientists develop throughout their careers—are critical to success in academia (e.g., Bozeman & Corley, 2004).

UK Revenue Service Best Practices for Fighting Tax Evasion

Auditor ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
E. Gribina ◽  
E. Savchenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
The Uk

Th e authors analyze the UK experience of the tax service, the tools used to combat tax evasion, and some of the trends that have been identifi ed. In particular, the role of specialized computer systems and social networks is noted as one of the main sources for fi nding the necessary information. Attention is also drawn to the tightening of the policy of the tax department and legislation in the fi eld of combating tax crimes.

The Role of Social Networks in the Viral Marketing of IDM

2012 ◽  
pp. 234-245
Author(s):  
Bhatt Diptee ◽  
Chang Tai Hock ◽  
Wang Lihui ◽  
Ravi S. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
New Products ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Viral Marketing ◽  
Marketing Methods

Social networks are structures consisting of individuals or organizations that enable powerful means of communicating and information sharing. Social networks make viral marketing and word-of mouth (WOM) marketing more effective than before. WOM particularly has received extensive attention in the literature. In this chapter, we discuss the value of social networks in business, especially focusing on the WOM marketing which relies on social ties and preexisting connections to spread marketing messages through a community. We discuss viral marketing using a WOM unit framework. Five qualities of a WOM unit are explained with examples. We illustrate new products and services like the iPhone and relate them with the WOM unit framework. It is recognized that WOM helps businesses spread their marketing message in a cost effective way. We found that WOM marketing plays a vital role in the IDM marketplace and conclude that businesses should actively promote and manage WOM communications using viral marketing methods to achieve desired behavioral response.

13. The judiciary

2019 ◽  
pp. 288-310
Author(s):  
Anne Dennett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Judicial Independence ◽  
Judicial Power ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the role of the judiciary in the UK constitution, the critically important concepts of judicial independence and neutrality, accountability of judges, and judicial power. The UK courts administer justice; uphold the rule of law; and act as a check on executive power. Judicial independence requires that judges should be free from external influences in their decision-making, and make decisions without political interference or fear of reprisal. Meanwhile, judicial neutrality means that judges should determine legal disputes impartially, objectively, and solely by applying the law. At first sight, judicial accountability seems inconsistent with being independent, but it is essential that the judiciary adheres to the highest standards in carrying out its functions. In the absence of a codified constitution, the boundaries of judicial power operate within a framework of constitutional principles and conventions, but there is debate over the limits of that power.

scholarly journals JUDICIOUS REVIEW: THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRACTICE OF THE UK SUPREME COURT

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-374
Author(s):  
Jo Eric Khushal Murkens
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Judicial Intervention ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty ◽  
The Will ◽  
Uk Supreme Court ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Constitutional Jurisprudence

AbstractThe role of the UK Supreme Court (UKSC) as conventionally understood is to give effect to, and not to challenge, the will of Parliament. At the same time, the UK's constitution forces the UKSC to develop a constitutional jurisprudence to resolve clashes of higher-order principles, for instance between parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law. This development puts the legitimacy of unelected and unaccountable judges invalidating legislation under the spotlight. Instead of arguing for US-style strike-down powers, I argue that cautious and corrective judicial intervention is constitutionally mandated and democratically legitimate.

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