Newton’s Matter Theory

Author(s):  
Hylarie Kochiras

This chapter focuses on Newton’s ideas about matter and bodies in connection with traditional questions about nature and structure, also examining an important crossover into his quantitative approach. It begins with his early proclivity for ontologically prior parts and atomism itself, then considering their effect upon his ideas about natural kinds; his composition theory; and his explanatory shift from the aether to forces. His most metaphysical account of body, articulated in De gravitatione and belonging to a broader account of substance, is then examined. Rather than employing a substratum, the account reduces bodies solely to powers and attributes, which themselves establish material dimensionality. The penultimate section examines a crossover of some matter-theoretic ideas into the Principia’s very different theoretical context, where they threaten his argument for universal gravitation. It shows that his unjustified assumption of matter’s inertial homogeneity derives from his old atomist commitments.

Diachronica ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Lass

SUMMARY Historical Linguistics is less realist and much more conventinal-ist than many of us think or like to think. Historical 'truth', by virtue of the epistemological status of the past, is not attainable in the same sense as 'truth' in nonhistorical disciplines. Theories and techniques are therefore partly constitutive of 'data': or the histo-riogaphy partly creates its own subject-matter. Theory-based creation enters via two kinds of interventions: (a) the use of present-based constraints as determinants of what historical events must have been or most probably were ('uniformitarianism'); and (b) the free creation of metaphors (verbal, geometric, etc.) that indicate potential 'natural kinds' which are then up for critical discussion. The example of metaphor-creation treated here in detail is the development of the notion 'chain-shift'. Within the Anglicist tradition the 'invention' of the Great Vowel Shift has had an enormous enriching effect on the domain of discourse — which remains, regardless of whether it was 'in fact' as Karl Luick and others thought it was. RÉSUMÉ La linguistique historique est moins 'réaliste' et plus 'conven-tionnelliste' que beaucoup parmi nous le pensent ou aiment de penser. 'La vérité' historique, en vertu du statut épistémologique du passé, ne peut pas être atteinte dans le même sens que 'la vérité' dans les disciplines non-historiques. Par consequent les théories et les techniques d'anakyse font part en partie des 'données': ou bien l'historiographie crée en partie son propre sujet. La création à la base d'une théorie y entre à travers deux sortes d'interventions: (a) l'utilisation des contraintes basées sur le présent comme des déterminants de ce que les événements historiques doivent avoir été ou très probable ment ont été ('l'uniformitarianisme'), et (b) la création libre des métaphores (verbales, géométriques, etc.) qui signalent des 'éspèces naturelles' qui par la suite se prêtent à la discussion critique. L'exemple d'une création métaphorique dont on traite ici en détail c'est la notion de 'changement en chaîne'. A l'intérieur de la tradition angliciste 1''invention' de la 'Great Vowel Shift' a eu un effet énormément enrichissant sur le domaine du discours scientifique — un effet qui reste irrespectivement s'il était 'en effet' ce que Karl Luick et d'autres ont pensé de ce phénomène. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die historische Linguistik ist weniger 'realistisch' und mehr 'konventionalistisch' als viele von uns glauben oder glauben möchten. Historische 'Wahrheit' ist angesichts des epistemologischen Status' der Vergangenheit nicht in derselben Weise erreichbar wie die 'Wahrheit in den nicht-historischen Disziplinen. Theorien und Techniken machen daher einen Teil der 'Daten' aus; umgekehrt schafft die Historiographie teilweise ihren eigenen Untersuchungsgegenstand. Solche theoriebegründete Schaffung ergibt sich durch zweierlei Interventio-nen: (a) die Verwendung von der Gegenwart entnommenen Beschränkungen als Bestimmungsfaktoren für was geschichtliche Ereignisse gewesen seien oder höchstwahrscheinlich waren ('Uniformitarianismus') und (b) die freie Schöpfung von (verbalen, geometrischen usw. ) Metaphern, die mög-liche 'natürliche Sorten' anzeigen, die dann für die kritische Diskus-sion freigestellt werden. Hier wird als Beispiel einer Metaphern-Schöpfung das Konzept der 'Kettenverschiebung' und dessen Entwicklung ausführlich behandelt. Innerhalb der anglistischen Tradition hat die 'Erfindung' der 'Great Vowel Shift' einen enorm bereichernden Effekt auf dem Gebiete des wissenschaftlichen Austausches gehabt, und dieser bleibt unabhangig davon, ob sie 'tatsächlich' in der Weise bestanden hat wie Karl Luick und andere vermeinten.


2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (02) ◽  
pp. N10-N12 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Cicone ◽  
M. Stalder ◽  
D. Geiger ◽  
A. Cairoli ◽  
A. Bischof Delaloye ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Arif Fajar Wibisono ◽  
Yudha Catur Kusuma N

This study aims to determine whether perceptions of corruption and organizational climate affect the compliance of personal taxpayers. This explanatory study used quantitative approach of statistical parametric test and multiple linear regressions with questionnaire instrument. This study involved personal taxpayer in the area of KPP Pratama Kota Surakarta. The result of this study confirms that the perceptions of individual tax corruption and organizational climate affect the compliance of personal taxpayers. The better the organization’s climate in emphasizing tax compliance is, the higher the level of compliance personal taxpayers is. In addition, the higher the level of perception of a person’s corruption of the tax apparatus is severely punished then increasing the compliance of personal taxpayers’ increases.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Lydia Novi Yanti

This research is conducted in order to assess the effect of competency, motivation, and communication on employee’s performance (case studies at Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang West Bandung Regency) partially and simultaneously. There are many factors that affect the employee’s performance, but this research is only limited to the factors of competency, motivation, and communication. The researcher used primary and secondary data. The research approach used is quantitative approach which the samples are 55 civil servants which is assessed by 5 Heads of Fields and 2 Heads Sub-Division. Before analyzing, all research validity and reliability instruments are examined. After the data are valid and reliable then analyzed by using classical assumption test, partial test (t test), and simultaneous test (F test) helping by IBM SPSS version 23 software. The result of analysis showed that competency, motivation, and communication variables are affected positively significantly and partially to the employee’s performance. Competency, motivation, and communication variables simultaneously affected positively and significantly about 54,3% and the rest is about 45,7% affected by other variable that is not observed in this research.  


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tias Mustika

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of media exposure on reporting cases of alleged corruption in the sale and purchase of positions on Television on the reputation of the Ministry of Religion in Cipadu residents, Tangerang. The theory used in this research is exposure to the media and reputation. This research uses a quantitative approach by distributing questionnaires to respondents with explanatory analysis. The results of the study explained that Ha who stated that there was an influence between the variables of media exposure regarding the reporting of alleged cases of corruption in buying and selling positions on Television on the reputation of the Ministry of Religion on Cipadu Tangerang residents was received. Ho also pointed out that there was no influence of the media exposure variable on reporting cases of alleged corruption in the sale and purchase of positions on the reputation of the Ministry of Religion in Cipadu residents, Tangerang rejected. The magnitude of the level of the effect coefficient interval lies in the low region, so it can be concluded that the media exposure to the reputation of the Ministry of Religion has a low influence.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Idawati Idawati

This research was conducted by using a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The quantitative approach was chosen to be tested theories by examining and measuring variables in the form of relationships, differences, influences, contributions, and the others. The research was carried out by describing the students acquisition data on the new student admission (PPDB) using zoning system based on the academic year 2019-2020 and the student acquisition data on the academic year PPDB 2018-2019 as a comparison. Based on the results of the study, the new students of PPDB using zoning system was considered lower in terms of economic and educational background of parents. There were more parents with less education (elementary & junior high school) in the zoning system than in the rayon system, whereas parents with higher education in the zoning system were fewer than the rayon system.  Likewise, in terms of income, there were more people with the low income in the zoning system than in the rayon system, and those having high income were fewer than in the rayon system. The study showed that the intelligence and the result of National Examination Score (NUN) in the zoning system is lower than in the rayon system. The intelligent level of the students in the zoning system is mostly dominated by the scores under 90-109, while in the rayon system were dominated by the scores above 90-109.  The National Examination Scores (NUN) in the zoning system were evenly distributed from a range of scores 0 to 30, while in the rayon system the scores were dominated by a range of scores 28-30, with the lowest score 24.


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