A Long-Run Perspective on Comparative Advantage

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Federico ◽  
Nikolaus Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Global Commodity Markets

The history of Italy since its unification in 1861 was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the country's integration with European and global commodity markets: foreign trade in the long run grew on average faster than the overall economy. Italy's comparative advantage changed fundamentally, from a high concentration of a few trading partners and a handful of rather simple commodities, into a wide diversification of trading partners and more sophisticated commodities. The chapter uses a new long-term database on Italian foreign trade at a high level of disaggregation to document and analyze these changes. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Italy's prospects from a historical perspective.

Chiari Malformation Presenting in Adults: A Surgical Experience in 127 Cases

Neurosurgery ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Joseph Levy ◽  
Laura Mason ◽  
Joseph F. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Chiari Malformation ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
History Of

Abstract We reviewed 127 patients who were operated upon for adult presentation Chiari malformation and made six conclusions: (a) The clinical examination remains crucial in the diagnosis. (b) The surgical anatomy is highly varied. (c) Syrinxes can be missed on preoperative contrast studies. (d By a conservative grading system, we determined that 46%; of the patients improved during long term follow-up. One-quarter deteriorated over the long run in spite of any treatment. (e) The overall results did not differ whether the treatment was plugging of the central canal plus decompression or decompression alone. (f) In patients with progression, plugging of the central canal obtained superior results. A review of the literature shows that the natural history of this complex disease process has not been established. This history is needed to identify the course of what may be several important factors that lead to the pathological condition in this disease.

scholarly journals Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Bukowski ◽  
Filip Novokmet
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractWe construct the first consistent series on the long-term distribution of income in Poland by combining tax, household survey and national accounts data. We document a U-shaped evolution of inequalities from the end of the nineteenth century until today: (1) inequality was high before WWII; (2) abruptly fell after the introduction of communism in 1947 and stagnated at low levels during the whole communist period; (3) experienced a sharp rise with the return to capitalism in 1989. We find that official survey-based measures strongly under-estimate the rise in inequality since 1989. Our results highlight the prominent role of capital income in driving the U-shaped evolution of top income shares. The unique inequality history of Poland speaks to the central role of institutions and policies in shaping inequality in the long run.

Measurement Uncertainty

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brynn Hibbert
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertainty Budget ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Metrology In Chemistry ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
History Of ◽  
Student’S T

One of the great revolutions in metrology in chemistry has been the understanding of the need to quote an appropriate measurement uncertainty with a result. For some time, a standard deviation determined under not particularly well-defined conditions was considered a reasonable adjunct to a measurement result, and multiplying by the appropriate Student’s t value gave the 95% confidence interval. But knowing that in a long run of experiments repeated under identical conditions 95% of the 95% confidence intervals would include the population mean did not answer the fundamental question of how good the result was. This became evident as international trade burgeoned and more and more discrepancies in measurement results and disagreements between trading partners came to light. To determine if two measurements of ostensibly the same measurand on the same material give results that are equivalent, they must be traceable to the same metrological reference and have stated measurement uncertainties. How to achieve that comparability is the subject of this chapter and the next. When making a chemical measurement by taking a certain amount of the test material, working it up in a form that can be analyzed, calibrating the instrument, and performing the measurement, analysts understand that there will be some doubt about the result. Contributions to uncertainty derive from each step in the analysis, and even from the basis on which the analysis is carried out. An uncertainty budget documents the history of the assessment of the measurement uncertainty of a result, and it is the outcome of the process of identifying and quantifying uncertainty. Although the client may only receive the fruits of this process as (value ± expanded uncertainty), accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025 requires the laboratory to document how the uncertainty is estimated. Estimates of plutonium sources highlight the importance of uncertainty. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) estimates there are about 700 tonnes of plutonium in the world. The uncertainty of measurement of plutonium is of the order of 0.1%, so even if all the plutonium were in one place, when analyzed the uncertainty would be 700 kg (1000 kg = 1 tonne). Seven kilograms of plutonium makes a reasonable bomb.

scholarly journals Intracerebral Haemorrhage with Choriocarcinoma in a Teenager - A Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Sukriti Das ◽  
Md Manirul Islam ◽  
Md Mamunur Rashid ◽  
Md Reaz Ahmed Howlader ◽  
Sharbori Dey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Intracerebral Haemorrhage ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Intracranial Metastasis ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Level

Intracerebral haemorrhage is one of the uncommon initial CNS manifestations of choriocarcinoma in reproductive age group women. Disease is usually diagnosed by history, clinical examinations and investigations like CT scan of brain and chest, MRI of brain, USG, X-ray chest P/A view and high level of â-hCG in serum and CSF. Overall prognosis of this disease is generally good (80-90% long term survival with chemotherapy and radiotherapy). But intracranial metastasis has poor prognosis which comprises 3-28% of choriocarcinoma. Most intracranial metastasis occurs late in the course of disease but 20% experiences as first sign. Our patient is a teenager girl presented with convulsion and loss of consciousness. CT scan of brain revealed hemorrhage in right fronto-parietal region with ventricular extension, X-ray chest P/A view shows metastasis in mid zone of right lung, USG shows invasion in posterior myometrium and high concentration of serum â-hCG (273400 mUI/ ml) confirmed our diagnosis. This case report describes that the conservative treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy gives good outcome of with metastasic intracerebral haemorrhage with choriocarcinoma is rewarding with farther radio and chemotherapy. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2019; 37(3): 151-155

How Should We Approach the Economy of ‘Early Modern India’?

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1606-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAMI GHOSH
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
History Of ◽  
Other World

AbstractTirthankar Roy's recent synthesis on the economic history of early modern India claims to provide a new, overarching narrative placing this period within the broader sweep of the history of what Roy defines as ‘capitalism’ in India in the very long term. This article provides a detailed critique of Roy's monograph, suggesting that it suffers from some serious methodological deficits, arising not least from a future-oriented paradigm that imposes anachronistic concepts on this period, including the very notion of ‘India’. Furthermore, Roy's view of the economy as being fundamentally driven forward by the rise of a coastal polity, expanding inwards from Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, sits awkwardly with his repeated claim that colonialism was of little significance for Indian economic history. Finally, this article suggests that this period might be more fruitfully approached not only by abandoning thetelosof what we know of India's future, but also by adopting both regionally focused and comparative approaches, turning away from long-distance trade as the primary lens through which to view the economy, and instead examining endogenous factors in the economies of individual regions and enriching our understanding of them by reference to studies of other world regions with comparable patterns of development in the same period. More nuanced ways of approaching economic change in the very long run, including the importance of developments in modes of consumption and market- and profit-oriented economic behaviour, are suggested as a better means of understanding both the economies of the late pre-colonial centuries in the Indian subcontinent and the development of capitalism, which should also be understood in a more specific manner than Roy allows.

Long-Term Radioactivity Release from Solidified High-Level Waste - Part II Parametric Study of Waste form Properties, Temperature and Time

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich K. Altenhein ◽  
Werner Lutze ◽  
Rodney C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Study ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Salt Dome ◽  
Waste Form ◽  
Glass Block ◽  
High Level Waste ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

The computer code QTERM has been used to calculate the total released activity from a single glass block when in contact with brine in a salt dome repository as a function of: (1) waste form properties, (2) leaching mechanisms, (3) retention or precipitation of specific radionuclides in surface layers, (4) thermal history of the repository and (5) decreasing activity as a function of time.

Pesticides and Human Health

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Cocco
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Complex Pattern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exposure Patterns ◽  
Multiple Treatments ◽  
High Level ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Developed World

The fight against agricultural and household pests accompanies the history of humanity, and a total ban on the use of pesticides seems unlikely to happen in the foreseeable future. Currently, about 100,000 different chemicals, inorganic and organic, are currently in the market, grouped according to their function as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, fumigants, rodenticides, fertilizers, growth regulators, etc. against specific pests, such as snails or human parasites, or their chemical structure—organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, dithiocarbamates, organotin compounds, phthalimides, phenoxy acids, heterocyclic azole compounds, coumarins, etc. Runoff from agricultural land and rain precipitation and dry deposition from the atmosphere can extend exposure to the general environment through the transport of pesticides to streams and ground-water. Also, the prolonged bio-persistence of organochlorines generates their accumulation in the food chain, and their atmospheric drift toward remote geographical areas is mentioned as the cause of elevated fat contents in Arctic mammals. Current regulation in the developed world and the phasing out of more toxic pesticides have greatly reduced the frequency of acute intoxications, although less stringent regulations in the developing world contribute to a complex pattern of exposure circumstances worldwide. Nonetheless, evidence is growing about long-term health effects following high-level, long-lasting exposure to specific pesticides, including asthma and other allergic diseases, immunotoxicity, endocrine disruption, cancer, and central and peripheral nervous system effects. Major reasons for uncertainty in interpreting epidemiological findings of pesticide effects include the complex pattern of overlapping exposure due to multiple treatments applied to different crops and their frequent changes over time to overcome pest resistance. Further research will have to address specific agrochemicals with well-characterized exposure patterns.

scholarly journals P48 The puppet prescriber or custodian of the NHS purse: are patients really at the centre of what we do?

Rheumatology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Smith ◽  
Satyapal Rangaraj ◽  
Samundeeswari Deepak ◽  
Nicola Camina
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Long Term Conditions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Negative Comments ◽  
Collaborative Working ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Biologic therapies have revolutionised the management of patients with rheumatological conditions; with considerable cost to the NHS. The switch of originators to biosimilar products was challenging. We aim to share our experience of adalimumab biosimilar switch and believe this is reflective of the challenges experienced in some other centres. The development of biosimilar aims to challenge the excesses of pharma profits by encouraging competition in the market place. Previous switches to intravenous biosimilar products had been uneventful. We were informed that the trust was implementing switch of biologics to biosimilar and later told biosimilar A was the biosimilar version allocated to us. This was a decision beyond the Trust, with NHS England deciding on the allocation. For our Trust, biosimilar A was allocated for patients weighing 30kg requiring a 40mg dose and biosimilar B allocated for patients weighing less than 30kg requiring a 20mg dose (NB: no 20mg preparation available for biosimilar A). Patients commenced on biosimilar B 20mg preparation can remain on biosimilar B and move on to its 40mg preparation once they weigh 30kg. Biosimilar A, the cheaper of the two preparations, contains preservative, citrate. Both biosimilars are double the volume of the originator biologic. Case a biologic-naïve 16 year-old patient was the first to be treated with the chosen biosimilar A, and, upon self-administrating; the patient clearly expressed a high level of pain. Following the experience with the patient the team felt that this was not an appropriate option. Methods With the feedback from the patient, rheumatology team highlighted the issues and focussed on high quality patient centred care not just focussing on the short term cost saving option but understanding that the patient engagement and compliance is cost saving in the long run. The team enquired with other specialities and regional paediatric rheumatology centres regarding their biosimilar switch. Results Liaising with the High cost pharmacy team, we successfully obtained authorisation to prescribe biosimilar B. We promptly switched the patient to biosimilar B and prescribe this now for all suitable to switch and new patients. So far there have been no negative comments or issues from the switch to the citrate free product. Conclusion It is vital that we provide an evidence based cost saving medication to treat children with long term conditions. However when new medications are being introduced, there needs to be greater consideration for the paediatric population which currently seems lacking. Collaborative working with the high cost pharmacy team, regular communications with other specialities, adult colleagues and involving the national nurse specialists group greatly benefitted us in managing this situation. More studies are required to identify patient factors involved in these scenarios. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

scholarly journals Precipitation isotope time series predictions from machine learning applied in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (26) ◽  
pp. e2024107118
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Nelson ◽  
David Basler ◽  
Ansgar Kahmen
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Hydrogen And Oxygen Isotope ◽  
High Level

Hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of precipitation are critically important quantities for applications in Earth, environmental, and biological sciences. However, direct measurements are not available at every location and time, and existing precipitation isotope models are often not sufficiently accurate for examining features such as long-term trends or interannual variability. This can limit applications that seek to use these values to identify the source history of water or to understand the hydrological or meteorological processes that determine these values. We developed a framework using machine learning to calculate isotope time series at monthly resolution using available climate and location data in order to improve precipitation isotope model predictions. Predictions from this model are currently available for any location in Europe for the past 70 y (1950–2019), which is the period for which all climate data used as predictor variables are available. This approach facilitates simple, user-friendly predictions of precipitation isotope time series that can be generated on demand and are accurate enough to be used for exploration of interannual and long-term variability in both hydrogen and oxygen isotopic systems. These predictions provide important isotope input variables for ecological and hydrological applications, as well as powerful targets for paleoclimate proxy calibration, and they can serve as resources for probing historic patterns in the isotopic composition of precipitation with a high level of meteorological accuracy. Predictions from our modeling framework, Piso.AI, are available at https://isotope.bot.unibas.ch/PisoAI/.

scholarly journals Contemporary Peculiarities and Prospects for the Development of Russian Foreign Trade Cooperation with Mongolia

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-639
Author(s):  
Yakov Sukhodolov ◽  
Avirmed Davaasuren ◽  
Alexei Manzhigeev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
History Of ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Foreign Trade Turnover

Russia attaches great importance to the development of cooperation with the Asia-Pacific region, which is one of the centers of world economic development. These countries include Mongolia. Russian-Mongolian relations are based on a long-term history of good neighborly relations and traditionally have a multidimensional nature. The article discusses the main aspects of Russian-Mongolian foreign trade relations based on the analysis of the dynamics of foreign trade turnover in bilateral trade and commodity structure. Currently, there is a decline in foreign trade cooperation between the countries. The article also touches upon the monostructural nature of trade between the two countries, which is very vulnerable. The national interests of Russia and Mongolia in the Russia - Mongolia - China triangle are acquiring special relevance and importance in modern conditions. The intensification of trade, economic and investment relations between Russia and Mongolia is possible through the implementation of joint projects in the mining and processing industries, modernization of infrastructure and development of tourism.

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