scholarly journals CLE-CLAVATA1 Signaling Pathway Modulates Lateral Root Development under Sulfur Deficiency

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Dong ◽  
Yinghua Wang ◽  
Hideki Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Cle Peptide ◽  
Plant Root System

Plant root system architecture changes drastically in response to availability of macronutrients in the soil environment. Despite the importance of root sulfur (S) uptake in plant growth and reproduction, molecular mechanisms underlying root development in response to S availability have not been fully characterized. We report here on the signaling module composed of the CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide and CLAVATA1 (CLV1) leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, which regulate lateral root (LR) development in Arabidopsis thaliana upon changes in S availability. The wild-type seedlings exposed to prolonged S deficiency showed a phenotype with low LR density, which was restored upon sulfate supply. In contrast, the clv1 mutant showed a higher daily increase rate of LR density relative to the wild-type under prolonged S deficiency, which was diminished to the wild-type level upon sulfate supply, suggesting that CLV1 directs a signal to inhibit LR development under S-deficient conditions. CLE2 and CLE3 transcript levels decreased under S deficiency and through CLV1-mediated feedback regulations, suggesting the levels of CLE peptide signals are adjusted during the course of LR development. This study demonstrates a fine-tuned mechanism for LR development coordinately regulated by CLE-CLV1 signaling and in response to changes in S availability.

scholarly journals Interplay of Auxin and Cytokinin in Lateral Root Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Jing ◽  
Lucia Strader
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Plant Root System

The spacing and distribution of lateral roots are critical determinants of plant root system architecture. In addition to providing anchorage, lateral roots explore the soil to acquire water and nutrients. Over the past several decades, we have deepened our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing lateral root formation and development. In this review, we summarize these recent advances and provide an overview of how auxin and cytokinin coordinate the regulation of lateral root formation and development.

scholarly journals The role of AUX1 during lateral root development in the domestication of the model C4 grass Setaria italica

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sha Tang ◽  
Mojgan Shahriari ◽  
Jishan Xiang ◽  
Taras Pasternak ◽  
Anna A Igolkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Setaria Italica ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
High Concentrations

C4 photosynthesis increases the efficiency of carbon fixation by spatially separating high concentrations of molecular oxygen from rubisco. The specialized leaf anatomy required for this separation evolved independently many times. C4 root systems are highly branched, an adaptation thought to support high rates of photosynthesis; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that have driven the evolution of C4 root system architecture (RSA). Using a mutant screen in the C4 model plant Setaria italica, we identify siaux1-1 and siaux1-2 as RSA mutants, and use CRISPR/cas9-mediated genome editing and overexpression to confirm the importance of the locus. As AUX1 is not necessary for lateral root emergence in S. viridis, the species from which S. italica was domesticated, we conducted an analysis of auxin responsive elements in the promoters of auxin-responsive gene families in S. italica, and explore the molecular basis of SiAUX1 function in seedling development using an RNAseq analysis of wild type and siaux1-1 plants. Finally, we use a root coordinate system to compare cell-by-cell meristem structures in siaux1-1 and wild type Setaria plants, observing changes in the distribution of cell volumes in all cell layers and a dependence in the frequency of protophloem and protoxylem strands on siAUX1.

Lateral root formation and nutrients: nitrogen in the spotlight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Mathieu Pélissier ◽  
Hans Motte ◽  
Tom Beeckman
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Abstract Lateral roots are important to forage for nutrients due to their ability to increase the uptake area of a root system. Hence, it comes as no surprise that lateral root formation is affected by nutrients or nutrient starvation, and as such contributes to the root system plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root adaptation dynamics towards nutrient availability is useful to optimize plant nutrient use efficiency. There is at present a profound, though still evolving, knowledge on lateral root pathways. Here, we aimed to review the intersection with nutrient signaling pathways to give an update on the regulation of lateral root development by nutrients, with a particular focus on nitrogen. Remarkably, it is for most nutrients not clear how lateral root formation is controlled. Only for nitrogen, one of the most dominant nutrients in the control of lateral root formation, the crosstalk with multiple key signals determining lateral root development is clearly shown. In this update, we first present a general overview of the current knowledge of how nutrients affect lateral root formation, followed by a deeper discussion on how nitrogen signaling pathways act on different lateral root-mediating mechanisms for which multiple recent studies yield insights.

scholarly journals Shoot-derived miR2111 controls legume root and nodule development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengbai Zhang ◽  
Huanan Su ◽  
Peter M. Gresshoff ◽  
Brett J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Autoregulation Of Nodulation ◽  
Cle Peptide

AbstractLegumes control their nodule numbers through the Autoregulation Of Nodulation (AON). Rhizobia infection stimulates the production of root-derived CLE peptide hormones that are translocated to the shoot where they regulate a new signal. We used soybean to demonstrate that this shoot-derived signal is miR2111, which is transported via phloem to the root where it targets transcripts of Too Much Love (TML), a negative regulator of nodulation. Shoot perception of rhizobia-induced CLE peptides suppresses miR2111 expression, resulting in TML accumulation in roots and subsequent inhibition of nodule organogenesis. Feeding synthetic mature miR2111 via the petiole increased nodule numbers per plant. Likewise, elevating miR2111 availability by over-expression promoted nodulation, while target mimicry of TML induced the opposite effect on nodule development in wild-type plants and alleviated the supernodulating and stunted root growth phenotypes of AON-defective mutants. Additionally, in non-nodulating wild-type plants, ectopic expression of miR2111 significantly enhanced lateral root emergence with a decrease in lateral root length and average root diameter. In contrast, hairy roots constitutively expressing the target mimic construct exhibited reduced lateral root density. Overall, these findings demonstrate that miR2111 is both the critical shoot-to-root factor that positively regulates root nodule development, and also acts to shape root system architecture via orchestrating the degree of root branching, as well as the length and thickness of lateral roots.

scholarly journals Flavonols modulate lateral root emergence by scavenging reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
pp. jbc.RA120.014543
Author(s):  
Jordan M. Chapman ◽  
Gloria K. Muday
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Root Primordia ◽  
Lateral Root Primordia ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Genes Encoding

Flavonoids are a class of specialized metabolites with subclasses including flavonols and anthocyanins, which have unique properties as antioxidants. Flavonoids modulate plant development, but whether and how they impact lateral root development is unclear. We examined potential roles for flavonols in this process using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with defects in genes encoding key enzymes in flavonoid biosynthesis. We observed the tt4 and fls1 mutants, which produce no flavonols, have increased lateral root emergence. The tt4 root phenotype was reversed by genetic and chemical complementation. To more specifically define the flavonoids involved, we tested an array of flavonoid biosynthetic mutants, eliminating roles for anthocyanins and the flavonols quercetin and isorhamnetin in modulating root development. Instead, two tt7 mutant alleles, with defects in a branchpoint enzyme blocking quercetin biosynthesis, formed reduced numbers of lateral roots, and tt7-2 had elevated levels of kaempferol. Using a flavonol-specific dye, we observed that in the tt7-2 mutant, kaempferol accumulated within lateral root primordia at higher levels than wild-type. These data are consistent with kaempferol, or downstream derivatives, acting as a negative regulator of lateral root emergence. We examined ROS accumulation using ROS-responsive probes and found reduced fluorescence of a superoxide-selective probe within the primordia of tt7-2 compared to wild type, but not in the tt4 mutant, consistent with opposite effects of these mutants on lateral root emergence. These results support a model in which increased level of kaempferol in the lateral root primordia of tt7-2 reduces superoxide concentration and ROS-stimulated lateral root emergence.

scholarly journals Cryptic variation in RNA-directed DNA-methylation controls lateral root development when auxin signalling is perturbed

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaigham Shahzad ◽  
Ross Eaglesfield ◽  
Craig Carr ◽  
Anna Amtmann
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Lateral Root Primordia ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Cryptic Variation

AbstractMaintaining the right balance between plasticity and robustness in biological systems is important to allow adaptation while maintaining essential functions. Developmental plasticity of plant root systems has been the subject of intensive research, but the mechanisms underpinning robustness remain unclear. Here, we show that potassium deficiency inhibits lateral root organogenesis by delaying early stages in the formation of lateral root primordia. However, the severity of the symptoms arising from this perturbation varies within a natural population of Arabidopsis and is associated with the genetic variation in CLSY1, a key component of the RNA-directed DNA-methylation machinery. Mechanistically, CLSY1 mediates the transcriptional repression of a negative regulator of root branching, IAA27, and promotes lateral root development when the auxin-dependent proteolysis pathway fails. Our study identifies DNA-methylation-mediated transcriptional repression as a backup system for post-translational protein degradation which ensures robust development and performance of plants in a challenging environment.

scholarly journals A Peptide Encoding Gene MdCLE8 Regulates Lateral Root Development in Apple

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-en Zhang ◽  
Yan Shi ◽  
Xiu-ming Li ◽  
Qiang Zhao ◽  
Chun-xiang You
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Peptide Hormones ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
Root Cortex ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Cle Peptide ◽  
Essential Nutrient

Abstract Nitrogen is not only an essential nutrient for plant, but also an important signal molecule to integrate and regulate gene expression, metabolism and growth. Plant peptides are considered as a new hormone, and play an important regulatory role in plant growth and development. However, there are few researches on the co-regulation network between nitrogen and peptide hormones in plant. Here we identified an apple MdCLE8 gene, which encodes a putative peptide, induced by nitrogen deficiency in apple. Ectopic expression of MdCLE8 inhibited lateral root formation in Arabidopsis under nitrogen deficiency. Similarly, overexpression of MdCLE8 inhibited lateral root development in apple adventitious roots, and this inhibition was amplified under nitrogen deficiency treatment. Further studies showed that MdCLE8 may inhibit the expression of several key genes during lateral root emergence stage in Arabidopsis, thereby inhibiting the emergence of lateral root from root cortex cells. Collectively, our study not only broadened the gene regulatory network under the influence of nitrogen in apple, but also expanded the function of CLE peptide hormones in apple.

scholarly journals Nitrate regulation of lateral root and root hair development in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (15) ◽  
pp. 4405-4414
Author(s):  
Bohan Liu ◽  
Junyu Wu ◽  
Shuaiqi Yang ◽  
John Schiefelbein ◽  
Yinbo Gan
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Root Hair Development ◽  
Hair Development

Abstract Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important macronutrients for plant growth and development. However, the concentration and distribution of N varies in soil due to a variety of environmental factors. In response, higher plants have evolved a developmentally flexible root system to efficiently take up N under N-limited conditions. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding this form of plant ‘root-foraging’ behavior, which is controlled by both a local and a long-distance systemic nitrate signaling pathway. In this review, we focus on the key components of nitrate perception, signaling, and transduction and its role in lateral root development. We also highlight recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of the nitrate systemic signaling pathway, including small signaling peptides involved in long-distance shoot–root communication. Furthermore, we summarize the transcription factor networks responsible for nitrate-dependent lateral root and root hair development.

scholarly journals Mepiquat chloride promotes cotton lateral root formation by modulating plant hormone homeostasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wu ◽  
Mingwei Du ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Baomin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride ◽  
Auxin Level ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Abstract Background Mepiquat chloride (MC), a plant growth regulator, enhances root growth by promoting lateral root formation in cotton. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon is still unknown. Methods In this study, we used 10 cotton (Gossypium hirsutum Linn.) cultivars to perform a seed treatment with MC to investigate lateral root formation, and selected a MC sensitive cotton cultivar for dynamic monitor of root growth and transcriptome analysis during lateral root development upon MC seed treatment. Results The results showed that MC treated seeds promotes the lateral root formation in a dosage-depended manner and the effective promotion region is within 5 cm from the base of primary root. MC treated seeds induce endogenous auxin level by altering gene expression of both gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and signaling and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Meanwhile, MC treated seeds differentially express genes involved in indole acetic acid (IAA) synthesis and transport. Furthermore, MC-induced IAA regulates the expression of genes related to cell cycle and division for lateral root development. Conclusions Our data suggest that MC orchestrates GA and ABA metabolism and signaling, which further regulates auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling to promote the cell division responsible for lateral root formation.

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