The Segregation Premium: How Gender Shapes the Symbolic Valuation Process of Occupational Prestige Judgments

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Lauren Valentino
Keyword(s):  
General Social Survey ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Sociology Of Culture ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Valuation Process ◽  
Predominantly Female ◽  
Occupation Level ◽  
Male Occupations

Abstract Symbolic valuation is an important but overlooked aspect of gendered processes of inequality in the occupation structure. Prior work has largely focused on the material valuation of gendered work, such as how much predominantly-female versus predominantly-male occupations pay. Less research has examined the symbolic valuation of work, such as how prestigious predominantly-female versus predominantly-male occupations are. What research has examined this question has remained inconclusive at best. Drawing on insights into and techniques from the sociology of culture and cognition, this study examines the role of an occupation’s gender composition in how Americans judge the prestige of jobs, testing key predictions from theories of gender and status. Using 2012 General Social Survey and federal occupation-level data, it finds evidence for a segregation premium: people view gender-segregated occupations as the most symbolically valuable jobs. Both men and women reward gender-segregated occupations with symbolic value, although there is evidence of a gendered in-group bias in which women in particular see women’s work as more prestigious, while men see men’s work as more prestigious.

The Arts as a Polarized Issue and the Role of Political Trust in Promoting the Arts: Evidence From the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Lim Jae Young ◽  
Woo Harin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Moderating Role

The arts in the United States, for a long time received strong support from both sides of the political aisle. However, in recent years, the arts have been transformed into a partisan issue that pits conservatives against liberals. The article points to the importance of political trust as a means of helping conservatives overcome their ideological inclinations and support the arts. Scholars argue that political trust influences more strongly individuals who perceive a given policy to be one that imposes ideological risks for them compared with those without such risks. Focusing on the moderating role of political trust, the article examines whether political trust can help alleviate the conservatives’ hostility to the arts. Relying on the 2016 General Social Survey, the article finds that conservatives have no direct relationship with arts spending, but they will be more likely to support arts spending when this is contingent upon political trust.

Trends in Confidence in Institutions, 1973–2006

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The State ◽  
Demographic Model ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Event Driven ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines trends in institutional confidence measured by the General Social Survey between 1973 and 2006. It begins by considering the construct of institutional confidence and describing the items and scales used to measure it. After presenting overall levels of confidence in 13 institutions during this period, it examines trends in general confidence scales and in individual institutions. Cohort analysis helps to illuminate these trends. The chapter next investigates correlates of institutional confidence, including experiences with specific institutions, party-in-power effects, education, misanthropy, opinionation, and a general demographic model. It briefly considers the relationship between institutional confidence and support for government programs and political matters. It closes by assessing the state and role of institutional confidence in contemporary society, and both general and event-driven models of trends in confidence.

scholarly journals What’s in an Occupation? Investigating Within-Occupation Variation and Gender Segregation Using Job Titles and Task Descriptions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Martin-Caughey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Diversity ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Text Data ◽  
Job Titles ◽  
Task Descriptions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Occupation Level ◽  
And Task

Occupations have long been central to the study of inequality and mobility. However, the occupational categories typical in most U.S. survey data conceal potentially important patterns within occupations. This project uses a novel data source that has not previously been released for analysis: the verbatim text responses provided by respondents to the General Social Survey from 1972 to 2018 when asked about their occupation. These text data allow for an investigation of variation within occupations, in terms of job titles and task descriptions, and the occupation-level factors associated with this variation. I construct an index of occupational similarity based on the average pairwise cosine similarity between job titles and between task descriptions within occupations. Findings indicate substantial variation in the level of similarity across occupations. Occupational prestige, education, and income are associated with less heterogeneity in terms of job titles but slightly more heterogeneity in terms of task descriptions. Gender diversity is associated with more internal heterogeneity in terms of both job titles and task descriptions. In addition, I use the case of gender segregation to demonstrate how occupational categories can conceal the depth and form of stratification.

Gender, Views of Nature, and Support for Animal Rights

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corwin R. Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Animal Rights ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Animal Rights Movement ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Levels Of Support

The last 20 years have witnessed the dramatic growth of the animal rights movement and a concurrent increase in its social scientific scrutiny. One of the most notable and consistent findings to emerge from this body of research has been the central role of women in the movement. This paper uses General Social Survey data to examine the influence of views of the relationship of humanity to nature on this gender difference. Holding a Romantic view of nature is associated with higher levels of support for extending moral rights to animals and lower levels of support for animal-based testing. A Darwinian view is associated with greater support for testing on animals but is unrelated to views on moral rights for animals. In general, views of nature affect animal rights advocacy to a greater extent among males than females.

What Drives People to Protest in an Authoritarian Country? Resources and Rewards vs Risks of Protests in Urban and Rural China

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynette H Ong ◽  
Donglin Han
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Rural China ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Corporate Actions

What drives people to protest in an authoritarian country? Drawing from a rich set of individual-level data from the China General Social Survey 2010, we address the question of protest participation by focusing on the factors of resources, and rewards vs risks, that might be unique to protestors in an authoritarian state. We find strong evidence for education, typically conceived as a key enabling resource in protests, to be negatively associated with likelihood of participation. There are, however, significant differences between political behavior in urban and rural samples. We find some, though rather weak, evidence to suggest that as urban residents become wealthier over time, they will increasingly turn to protests as a form of political participation, demanding greater accountability of government and corporate actions.

Intrinsic work motivation and pension reform preferences

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-217
Author(s):  
FRIEDRICH HEINEMANN ◽  
TANJA HENNIGHAUSEN ◽  
MARC-DANIEL MOESSINGER
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Change ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Theoretical Reasoning ◽  
Pension Age

AbstractAlthough demographic change leaves pay-as-you-go pension systems unsustainable, reforms, such as a higher pension age, are highly unpopular. This contribution looks into the role of intrinsic motivation as a driver for pension reform preferences. Theoretical reasoning suggests that this driver should be relevant as it decreases the subjective costs of a higher pension age. We test this key hypothesis on the basis of the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS). The results are unambiguous: in addition to factors such as age or education, the inclusion of intrinsic work motivation helps improving our prediction of an individual's reform orientation.

scholarly journals A Microsimulation Model to Study the Interaction between Fertility and Union Formation and Dissolution: An Application to Canada and Quebec

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Bélanger ◽  
Jean-Dominique Morency ◽  
Martin Spielauer
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Microsimulation Model ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Longitudinal Surveys ◽  
Main Determinants

Union formation and dissolution are among the main determinants explaining variations in fertility. Compared to the rest of Canada, Quebec’s marital histories are more complex and its prevalence of common-law unions much higher. The objective of this article is to examine the role of marital behaviours on fertility by comparing different indicators of fertility and conjugal life that were obtained through microsimulation. Parameters of the microsimulation model were estimated from hazard regressions performed on the marital and fertility histories collected in two retrospective longitudinal surveys: the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS) 2001 and 2006. Results show that the more complex marital histories of Quebecers can explain more than one-quarter of their fertility differences with the rest of the country.

scholarly journals Have party premiums disappeared in post-2000 China? The influence of negative ability bias from position conditioning

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhu ◽  
Tony Tam
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The State ◽  
Party Membership ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
State Sector ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Ability Bias

Communist Party membership is often associated with higher incomes in socialist regimes because it is an important credential for obtaining state-sector jobs and cadre positions. During the first two decades of marketization in China, the income returns to Communist Party membership (the party premium) clearly persisted. However, recent studies have documented an insignificant party premium in post-2000 China. Considering the persistent role of the state in resource allocation, this phenomenon is puzzling and lacks clear interpretation. Drawing on the knowledge of collider conditioning, we hypothesize that this phenomenon stems from a negative ability bias generated by conditioning on endogenous job positions. Using the China General Social Survey 2008, we re-examine the post-2000 party premiums. The results support this hypothesis and demonstrate that this negative ability bias overwhelms the usual positive ability bias and any residual party premiums. Party premiums persist after 2000 and are reflected in positions where the negative ability bias is less influential.

Multiculturalism in American Public Opinion

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACK CITRIN ◽  
DAVID O. SEARS ◽  
CHRISTOPHER MUSTE ◽  
CARA WONG
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Los Angeles County ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Social Background ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Definition Of

Multiculturalism has emerged to challenge liberalism as an ideological solution in coping with ethnic diversity in the United States. This article develops a definition of political multiculturalism which refers to conceptions of identity, community and public policy. It then analyses the 1994 General Social Survey and a 1994 survey of Los Angeles County to assess the contours of mass support and opposition to multiculturalism, testing hypotheses concerning the role of social background, liberalism–conservatism and racial hostility. The main conclusions are that ‘hard’ versions of multiculturalism are rejected in all ethnic groups, that a liberal political self-identification boosts support for multiculturalism, and that racial hostility is a consistent source of antagonism to the new ethnic agenda of multiculturalism. There is strong similarity in the results in both the national and Los Angeles samples.

scholarly journals Who Benefit from What Media? Examining Knowledge Gap Hypothesis on Environmental Knowledge In China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengya Ai ◽  
Kanni Huang ◽  
Wu Li
Keyword(s):  
General Social Survey ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Environmental Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Gap ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Television Use ◽  
Heterogeneity Analysis ◽  
Chinese General Social Survey

Environmental knowledge inequality is a barrier to address environmental issues. This study explores the role of media use in environmental knowledge gap in China, and the empirical evidence is analyzed by using the secondary data from Chinese General Social Survey. OLS regression and heterogeneity analysis revealed that internet use increases environmental knowledge gap; radio use reduces environmental knowledge gap between people with higher and lower levels of education. Newspaper and television use have limited influence on environmental knowledge acquisition. However, newspapers and television are more beneficial for people with lower levels of education, but not those with higher levels.

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