Comparison of Chemical Site Preparation Treatments in the Georgia Piedmont

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry D. Shiver ◽  
Steven A. Knowe ◽  
William N. Kline
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Comparable Control ◽  
Georgia Piedmont ◽  
Water Willow

Abstract Chemical site preparation treatments were compared against each other and against mechanical treatments in a randomized complete block design. Two studies were conducted with spring (June) and late summer (September) treatment dates. Efficacy was measured 2 years after treatment as percent control on individually identified stems and as percent change per acre from subplot data. Combinations of Tordon K®, Tordon 101® mixture, Garlon 4®, Galon 3A®, Velpar L®, and Roundup® herbicides were tested.* For the spring study, combinations of Tordon + Garlon 4 herbicides effectively controlled red maple, dogwood, and red oaks. Tordon 101 + Garlon 4 was the most effective treatment on water/willow oaks. Among the treatment on sweetgum. Velpar L was the most effective treatment on water/willow oaks. Among the late summer applied treatments, Roundup provided the best overall control of the hardwood species examined. A shear, rake, and disk treatment provided comparable control to chemical treatments in the spring study, but at a higher cost. Double chopping was not an effective treatment in the late summer study. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):24-32.

scholarly journals Effects of burn season on large seedlings of oak and other hardwood regeneration three years after shelterwood harvest

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ying Xin ◽  
Roger A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Species ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Prescribed Fires ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Canopy Volume

Abstract The effects of fall and spring prescribed fires on large seedlings (0.3 to 1.3 m height) of oak and other hardwood species three years after a shelterwood harvest were examined in Richland Furnace and Zaleski State Forests in southern Ohio. Fall and spring burns appeared to be more deleterious to red oaks (Quercus rubra L., Q. velutina Lam., Q. coccinea Muenchh.) than white oaks (Q. alba L., Q. prinus L.). Red oak experienced reductions in numbers and canopy volume after spring burns, and canopy reductions after fall burns. White oak experienced small increases in numbers of stems after both fall and spring burns, and an increase in the canopy volume after fall burns, but a slight decrease after spring burns. Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), a major oak competitor prior to fire, experienced dramatic reductions in the number of regenerating stems and canopy volume after both fall and spring burns. On the other hand, red maple (Acer rubrum L.) experienced large increases in the number of regenerating stems and canopy volume after both fall and spring burns. Based on importance value, the oak species remained relatively unchanged after both fall and spring burns. Yellow-poplar became the least dominant species after spring burns and the second to last dominant species after fall burns.

scholarly journals 145 Stocker gains on diverse summer annual pastures

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
Kelly Mercier ◽  
Chris Teutsch ◽  
Ray Smith ◽  
Eric Vanzant ◽  
Kenny Burdine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass ◽  
Forage Utilization

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if increasing forage botanical diversity improved stocker gains on warm-season annual (WSA) pastures. An opportunity exists to add extra gain on fall-born calves by grazing summer pastures after spring weaning and selling at a more favorable late summer market. However, cool-season perennial pastures in the Mid-South often have insufficient quality and yield to support desired summer gains. Therefore, the improved production and nutritive value of WSA forages shows promise in this system. A study was conducted near Princeton, KY, where calves (329, 366, and 297 kg in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively) grazed one of three WSA forage treatments without supplementation in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included 1) sorghum-sudangrass monoculture (MONO), 2) simple mixture (SIMPLE = sorghum-sudangrass, pearl millet, soybean), and 3) complex mixture (COMPLEX = SIMPLE + sudangrass, corn, crabgrass, cowpea, sunflower, sunn hemp, daikon radish, forage rape, Korean lespedeza). In 2017, MONO and SIMPLE calves had higher average daily gain (ADG) than COMPLEX calves (0.79 kg/day vs. 0.66 kg/day, P < 0.03). In 2018, no differences in ADG were detected among treatments (P > 0.3); however, calves only gained 0.01 kg/day. In 2019, MONO and SIMPLE calves again had higher ADG than COMPLEX calves (0.59 kg/day vs. 0.43 kg/day, P < 0.03). The exceptionally low 2018 ADG was likely due to the higher nutritional demand of heavier calves and the lower nutritive value of mature forages compared to other years. In conclusion, complex WSA forage mixtures did not offer any improvement in animal performance, and proper management of all WSA forages (maintaining a vegetative state) is paramount to achieving adequate gains on stockers without supplementation; however, supplementation may be necessary to improve WSA forage utilization in the rumen, potentially leading to more favorable gains.

scholarly journals Bedding and Fertilization Ameliorate Effects of Designated Wet-Weather Skid Trails after Four Years for Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Plantations

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Michael Aust ◽  
James A. Burger ◽  
William H. McKee ◽  
Gregory A. Scheerer ◽  
Mark D. Tippett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Wet-weather harvesting operations on wet pine fiats can cause soil disturbances that may reduce long-term site productivity. Site preparation and fertilization are often recommended as ameliorative practices for such disturbances, but few studies have actually quantified their effects on restoration. The purposes of this study were to quantify the effects of wet-weather harvest traffic in designated skid trails on soil properties and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) growth, and to evaluate the ameliorative effects of site preparation. Study sites were established on wet pine flats of the lower Coastal Plain within the Francis Marion National Forest (Berkeley County, SC). Treatments were arranged in a split-split plot within a randomized complete block design. Treatments were two levels of traffic (nontrafficked, trafficked), four levels of mechanical site preparation (none, disking, bedding, disking + bedding), and two levels of fertilization (none, 337 kg /ha of 10-10-10 fertilizer). initially, the trafficking increased soil bulk densities and reduced soil water movement and subsequent growth of loblolly pine (years 1 and 2). Bedding combined with fertilization restored site productivity to non trafficked levels within 4 yr, but disking or fertilization treatments alone were not effective at ameliorating the traffic effects. The effectiveness of the bedding and fertilization treatments for amelioration of traffic effects was probably facilitated by the relatively small area of disturbed skid trails (<10%) found on these sites. Areas having more severe disturbance or higher percentages of disturbance might not be ameliorated as rapidly. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):222-226.

Development patterns in two hemlock–hardwood stands in southern New England

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kelty
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Constant Rate

Two forest stands, composed primarily of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.), were studied by stand-reconstruction techniques to determine the pattern of development of canopy structure. One stand had originated following clear-cutting 87 years ago; the other, following catastrophic windthrow 44 years ago. Juvenile height growth of the hardwood species was much greater than that of hemlock and a stratified canopy developed by age 30 years, with hardwoods forming an overstory canopy above hemlock. Hemlocks maintained overstory positions only if they were 3 m or more in height immediately following canopy disturbance. In the older stand, hardwood height growth was about twice that of the tallest understory hemlocks during the first 30 years. The hardwood overstory slowed after that and grew at the same rate as the tallest understory hemlocks, which maintained a constant rate of height growth, and a constant to accelerating rate of basal area growth for much of the 87-year measurement period. The height growth of the tallest understory hemlocks was apparently limited in part by breakage of terminal shoots, caused by abrasion against branches of overstory hardwood crowns.

The Fungus Chondrostereum purpureum as a Silvicide to Control Stump Sprouting in Hardwoods

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron E. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Stump Sprouting ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Chondrostereum Purpureum

Abstract Cultures of the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum (Fr.)Pouzar were applied to cut surfaces of hardwood stumps immediately after the trees were felled in late spring and summer and the stumps monitored for fungus infection and adventitious sprouting during the ensuing 2 years. Hardwood species inoculated were red maple, sugar maple, yellow birch, paper birch, pin cherry, trembling aspen, and beech. The fungus was applied as wheat bran cultures in a mineral oil slurry or by inverting petri dish cultures on the stump. All treatments resulted in development of sporophores of the fungus on the stump within 2 years and a concomitant reduction, as compared to the uninoculated controls, of the number of stump sprouts. The speed of stump invasion by the fungus and reduction of sprouting varied both among and within species. The feasibility of using this fungus as a biological control of regrowth after stand cleaning is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):17-19, March 1990.

22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Laurane Stout
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Forest Landowners ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.

Year-Round Hardwood Control Using the Hypo-Hatchet Injector

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
S. V. Kossuth ◽  
J. F. Young ◽  
J. E. Voeller ◽  
H. A. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Hardwood Species

Abstract Eleven hardwood species were treated with seven herbicides during the spring, summer, fall, and winter seasons using a hypo-hatchet injector. Late spring to fall injections were most effective and winter injections least effective. Early spring injection tended to allow revegetation by outgrowth of lateral buds. Most of the herbicides were effective at the tested concentrations with injections of 1-2 ml/2.5 cm of stem diameter, with the best results from DOWCO 233, Krenite, Tordon 101-R and 2,4-D amine, respectively. Overall control ranged from 81 to 96 percent, depending on herbicide treatment. Multiple clumps of red maple stems were not well controlled by injecting just one stem.

Directed Foliar Sprays of Forestry Herbicides for Loblolly Pine Release

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Water Oak ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Six herbicides were compared as directed foliar sprays applied in May, July, and September on seven hardwood species and on loblolly pine. Equal-cost mixtures that met or exceeded minimum labeled rates were tested for Weedone 2,4- DP, Gadon 4, Garlon 3A, Arsenal Applicator Concentrate, Roundup, Escort, and Roundup + Escort. Test hardwoods were sweetgum, southern red oak, water oak, red maple, pignut hickory, dogwood, and yellow poplar. Crown volume reduction and rootstock reduction after one growing season were the main indicators of efficacy. Using directed sprays, yellow poplar was the easiest species to control, and pignut hickory was the most difficult. Control of sweetgum was most effective with Weedone, Arsenal, and Roundup. For control of oaks, the most effective applications were in July with Arsenal, Garlon 4 and 3A, and Roundup; but these and other hardwood species tended to refoliate 2 years after Arsenal treatment. Herbicide safety to loblolly pine was best with Arsenal and Escort, while injury was greatest with Roundup and Garlon 3A, which might have potential use in precommercial thinnings. South. J. Appl. For 14(4):199-206.

scholarly journals Interference interactions in experimental pine–hardwood stands

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2032-2043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd S. Fredericksen ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker ◽  
David W. Smith ◽  
John R. Seiler ◽  
Richard E. Kreh
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Hardwood Species

A replacement series field experiment was established in 1989 in the Piedmont physiographic province of Virginia with loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia L.) to quantify the effects of interference and elucidate its mechanisms. Stands were planted with and without herbaceous vegetation. After three growing seasons, interference among pine, hardwood species, and herbaceous vegetation significantly affected growth and yield. While herbaceous vegetation significantly affected all stands, it reduced the yield of hardwood species more than of loblolly pine. Loblolly pine appeared to ameliorate the effect of herbaceous vegetation on hardwoods in some stands. Based on relative yield totals, interference relationships between pine and hardwood species were neutral in all replacement series except for the loblolly pine–black locust series with herbaceous vegetation, where a mutualistic relationship was evident on poorer sites of the study. Pine appeared to compete effectively with hardwoods through efficient use of soil moisture and nitrogen, although pines had lower root/shoot ratios. Pine also had the greatest amount of leaf area of all species. Black locust reduced light availability to pine in some stands, but may have provided some nutritional benefits. Black locust and red maple appeared to increase allocation to roots in herbaceous vegetation, especially in pure stands. Root/shoot ratio, water-use efficiency, and leaf area were the measured variables most closely correlated with tree yield.

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