scholarly journals P049 Sleep Regularity is Associated with Stability of Daily Light Exposure in Adolescents During School and Vacation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A37-A37
Author(s):  
A Hand ◽  
J Stone ◽  
L Shen ◽  
C Vetter ◽  
S Cain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Regularity Index ◽  
Circadian Time ◽  
Wrist Actigraphy ◽  
Wake Patterns ◽  
Block Stability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Light Variability

Abstract Study Objectives Light is the main time cue for the human circadian system. Irregular sleep/wake patterns are associated with poor health outcomes, which could be mediated by irregular patterns of light exposure. The relationship between sleep and light regularity has not been directly explored. We investigated the relationship between sleep and light regularity in adolescents, across school-term and vacation, using novel metrics for measuring light regularity. Methods Daily sleep and light patterns were measured via wrist actigraphy in 104 adolescents (54% male, age M±SD = 17.17±0.80 years) over two weeks of school-term and a subsequent two-week vacation. The Sleep Regularity Index (SRI) was computed for each two-week block. Stability of daily light exposure was assessed using variation of mean daily light timing (MLiT), variation in daily photoperiod, and the Light Regularity Index. Associations between SRI and each light regularity metric were examined, and within-individual changes in metrics were examined between school and vacation. Results More regular sleep was significantly associated with more regular scores for each light variability metric, during school and vacation. Between school and vacation sleep regularity decreased and nuanced changes in light patterns were observed. Variability measured by the MLiT variable increased, whereas variability measured by the LRI and photoperiod variable decreased. Conclusions Adolescents with irregular sleep also have irregular patterns of light exposure. These findings suggest sleep regularity may be a useful proxy for variability in the main circadian time cue, meaning that irregular light exposure may carry implications for the developing adolescent circadian system.

scholarly journals Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in schizophrenia

2012 ◽  
Vol 200 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Wulff ◽  
Derk-Jan Dijk ◽  
Benita Middleton ◽  
Russell G. Foster ◽  
Eileen M. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Circadian Time ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Melatonin Production

BackgroundSleep disturbances comparable with insomnia occur in up to 80% of people with schizophrenia, but very little is known about the contribution of circadian coordination to these prevalent disruptions.AimsA systematic exploration of circadian time patterns in individuals with schizophrenia with recurrent sleep disruption.MethodWe examined the relationship between sleep–wake activity, recorded actigraphically over 6 weeks, along with ambient light exposure and simultaneous circadian clock timing, by collecting weekly 48 h profiles of a urinary metabolite of melatonin in 20 out-patients with schizophrenia and 21 healthy control individuals matched for age, gender and being unemployed.ResultsSignificant sleep/circadian disruption occurred in all the participants with schizophrenia. Half these individuals showed severe circadian misalignment ranging from phase-advance/delay to non-24 h periods in sleep–wake and melatonin cycles, and the other half showed patterns from excessive sleep to highly irregular and fragmented sleep epochs but with normally timed melatonin production.ConclusionsSevere circadian sleep/wake disruptions exist despite stability in mood, mental state and newer antipsychotic treatment. They cannot be explained by the individuals' level of everyday function.

scholarly journals The power-trust cycle in global health: Trust as belonging in relations of dependency

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Emma-Louise Anderson ◽  
Laura Considine ◽  
Amy S. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Global Health Initiatives ◽  
Health Initiatives ◽  
Power Trust ◽  
Trust And Power ◽  
Positive Health Outcomes ◽  
Exercise Of Discretion ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Trust between actors is vital to delivering positive health outcomes, while relationships of power determine health agendas, whose voices are heard and who benefits from global health initiatives. However, the relationship between trust and power has been neglected in the literatures on both international politics and global health. We examine this relationship through a study of relations between faith based organisations (FBO) and donors in Malawi and Zambia, drawing on 66 key informant interviews with actors central to delivering health care. From these two cases we develop an understanding of ‘trust as belonging’, which we define as the exercise of discretion accompanied by the expression of shared identities. Trust as belonging interacts with power in what we term the ‘power-trust cycle’, in which various forms of power undergird trust, and trust augments these forms of power. The power-trust cycle has a critical bearing on global health outcomes, affecting the space within which both local and international actors jockey to influence the ideologies that underpin global health, and the distribution of crucial resources. We illustrate how the power-trust cycle can work in both positive and negative ways to affect possible cooperation, with significant implications for collective responses to global health challenges.

scholarly journals Measuring sleep regularity: Theoretical properties and practical usage of existing metrics

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothee Fischer ◽  
Elizabeth B Klerman ◽  
Andrew J K Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Regularity Index ◽  
Wake Patterns ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Phase Deviation ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
Large Scale Simulations ◽  
Larger Sample

Abstract Study Objectives Sleep regularity predicts many health-related outcomes. Currently, however, there is no systematic approach to measuring sleep regularity. Traditionally, metrics have assessed deviations in sleep patterns from an individual’s average. Traditional metrics include intra-individual standard deviation (StDev), Interdaily Stability (IS), and Social Jet Lag (SJL). Two metrics were recently proposed that instead measure variability between consecutive days: Composite Phase Deviation (CPD) and Sleep Regularity Index (SRI). Using large-scale simulations, we investigated the theoretical properties of these five metrics. Methods Multiple sleep-wake patterns were systematically simulated, including variability in daily sleep timing and/or duration. Average estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for six scenarios that affect measurement of sleep regularity: ‘scrambling’ the order of days; daily vs. weekly variation; naps; awakenings; ‘all-nighters’; and length of study. Results SJL measured weekly but not daily changes. Scrambling did not affect StDev or IS, but did affect CPD and SRI; these metrics, therefore, measure sleep regularity on multi-day and day-to-day timescales, respectively. StDev and CPD did not capture sleep fragmentation. IS and SRI behaved similarly in response to naps and awakenings but differed markedly for all-nighters. StDev and IS required over a week of sleep-wake data for unbiased estimates, whereas CPD and SRI required larger sample sizes to detect group differences. Conclusions Deciding which sleep regularity metric is most appropriate for a given study depends on a combination of the type of data gathered, the study length and sample size, and which aspects of sleep regularity are most pertinent to the research question.

scholarly journals Hispanic/Latino Ethnic Identity and Diabetes: An Examination of Underlying Acculturation Processes and the Hispanic/Latino Health Advantage

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294
Author(s):  
Jeannie B. Concha ◽  
Kristen Kelly ◽  
Briana Mezuk
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diabetes Prevalence ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship

Background. Hispanics/Latinos in the United States experience both a health advantage and disadvantage in developing diabetes. Ethnic identity, a predictor of psychological well-being, has not been widely applied to physical health outcomes. The objective of this study is to apply what is known regarding ethnic identity and psychological health to physical health outcomes (diabetes) and to explore the moderating effect of education as a possible underlying mechanism of the Hispanic Health Advantage/Disadvantage. Specifically, this study examines (a) the association between ethnic identity and diabetes prevalence among adult Hispanics/Latinos and (b) determines whether education modifies this relationship. Method. Data come from the nationally representative adult U.S. household study, National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), collected in 2001 to 2003 ( N = 1,746). Multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationship between ethnic identity, education, and their interaction with likelihood of diabetes. Results. Hispanics/Latinos with high ethnic identity have a higher odds of reporting diabetes among those with 13 to 15 years of education (odds ratio: 1.84; 95% confidence interval: 1.16–2.92) and a lower odds among those with 16+ years of education (odds ratio: 0.53; 95% confidence interval: 0.34–0.84). Ethnic identity is associated with diabetes prevalence and the relationship is moderated by educational attainment. Conclusion. Given the growth, diversity, and diabetes disparities among Hispanics/Latinos, our buffering and exacerbating findings exemplify the complexity and fluidity of theory in understanding psychological/behavioral processes. The findings highlight the importance of designing targeted health interventions that take into account the diverse psychosocial and educational experiences of Hispanics/Latinos.

scholarly journals Impact of child development at primary school entry on adolescent health—protocol for a participatory systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Black ◽  
Amy Barnes ◽  
Mark Strong ◽  
David Taylor-Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Adolescent Health ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Starting School ◽  
Children's Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Children’S Development

Abstract Background Reducing child health inequalities is a global health priority and evidence suggests that optimal development of knowledge, skills and attributes in early childhood could reduce health risks across the life course. Despite a strong policy rhetoric on giving children the ‘best start in life’, socioeconomic inequalities in children’s development when they start school persist. So too do inequalities in child and adolescent health. These in turn influence health inequalities in adulthood. Understanding how developmental processes affect health in the context of socioeconomic factors as children age could inform a holistic policy approach to health and development from childhood through to adolescence. However, the relationship between child development and early adolescent health consequences is poorly understood. Therefore the aim of this review is to summarise evidence on the associations between child development at primary school starting age (3–7 years) and subsequent health in adolescence (8–15 years) and the factors that mediate or moderate this relationship. Method A participatory systematic review method will be used. The search strategy will include; searches of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ASSIA and ERIC) from November 1990 onwards, grey literature, reference searches and discussions with stakeholders. Articles will be screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria at title and abstract level, and at full article level. Observational, intervention and review studies reporting a measure of child development at the age of starting school and health outcomes in early adolescence, from a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, will be included. The primary outcome will be health and wellbeing outcomes (such as weight, mental health, socio-emotional behaviour, dietary habits). Secondary outcomes will include educational outcomes. Studies will be assessed for quality using appropriate tools. A conceptual model, produced with stakeholders at the outset of the study, will act as a framework for extracting and analysing evidence. The model will be refined through analysis of the included literature. Narrative synthesis will be used to generate findings and produce a diagram of the relationship between child development and adolescent health. Discussion The review will elucidate how children’s development at the age of starting school is related to subsequent health outcomes in contexts of socioeconomic inequality. This will inform ways to intervene to improve health and reduce health inequality in adolescents. The findings will generate knowledge of cross-sector relevance for health and education and promote inter-sectoral coherence in addressing health inequalities throughout childhood. Protocol Registration This systematic review protocol has been registered with PROSPERO CRD42020210011.

The Divergent Mental Health Effects of Dashed Expectations and Unfulfilled Aspirations: Evidence from American Lawyers’ Careers

2021 ◽  
pp. 019027252110450
Author(s):  
Ioana Sendroiu ◽  
Laura Upenieks ◽  
Markus Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Similar Relationship ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Future Orientations ◽  
Considerable Work ◽  
Mental Health Effects ◽  
The Relationship

Considerable work has shown that optimistic future orientations can be a resource for resilience across individuals’ lives. At the same time, research has shown little downside to “shooting for the stars” and failing. Here, we bring these competing insights to the study of lawyers’ careers, investigating the relationship between mental health and failure in achieving desired career advancement. To do this, we differentiate between expectations and aspirations for the future, a conceptual distinction that has been much theorized but little tested. Using longitudinal data, we show that dashed expectations of making partner are associated with depreciated mental health outcomes, whereas a similar relationship does not exist for unfulfilled aspirations. We conclude that inasmuch as expectations are more deeply rooted in an individual’s realistic sense of their future self, failing to achieve what is expected is more psychologically damaging than failing to achieve what is simply aspired. Our findings contrast with studies of younger people that demonstrate fewer consequences for unfulfilled future orientations, and so we highlight the importance of specifying how particular future-oriented beliefs fit into distinct career and life course trajectories, for better or for worse. In the process, we contribute to the academic literatures on future orientations, work, and mental health.

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