scholarly journals The More Stringent, the Better? Rationing Car Use in Bogotá with Moderate and Drastic Restrictions

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A Bonilla
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
License Plate ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Gasoline Consumption ◽  
Car Use ◽  
Driving Restrictions ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Rationing car use based on license plate number has become a popular policy in several cities around the world to address traffic congestion and air pollution. This paper studies the effects of the moderate and drastic driving restrictions imposed as part of the Pico y Placa program on car use and air pollution in Bogotá. Using data on ambient carbon monoxide, gasoline consumption, and vehicle sales and registrations, no evidence of an improvement in air quality or a reduction in car use is found in either phase of the program. On the contrary, there is some indication that, relative to the moderate phase, gasoline consumption, vehicle ownership, and carbon monoxide in the morning peak tended to increase slightly when drastic restrictions were implemented.

scholarly journals Vintage-Specific Driving Restrictions

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 1646-1682
Author(s):  
Nano Barahona ◽  
Francisco A Gallego ◽  
Juan-Pablo Montero
Keyword(s):  
License Plate ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Car Use ◽  
Car Market ◽  
Driving Restrictions ◽  
Fleet Composition ◽  
The World ◽  
Local Air Pollution ◽  
Novel Model

Abstract Local air pollution has led authorities in many cities around the world to impose limits on car use by means of driving restrictions or license-plate bans. By placing uniform restrictions on all cars, many of these programs have created incentives for drivers to buy additional, more polluting cars. We study vintage-specific restrictions, which place heavy limits on older, polluting vehicles and no limits on newer, cleaner ones. We use a novel model of the car market and results from Santiago’s 1992 program, the earliest program to use vintage-specific restrictions, to show that such restrictions should be designed to work exclusively through the extensive margin (type of car driven), never through the intensive margin (number of miles driven). If so, vintage restrictions can yield important welfare gains by moving the fleet composition toward cleaner cars, comparing well to alternative instruments such as scrappage subsidies and pollution-based registration fees.

Yulu: Moving Towards a Sustainable Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-456
Author(s):  
Deepika Upadhyay ◽  
Geetanjali Purswani ◽  
Pooja Jain
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
The World ◽  
Bike Sharing ◽  
Distance Travel

The rapidly rising rate of urbanization, which is closely linked to economic growth, has exposed the world to several challenges such as inequality, environmental degradation, traffic congestion, infrastructural concerns and social conflicts. Therefore, urban sustainability has emerged as one of the most debatable discussions across the world. The existing network of transportation can no longer keep up with the growing demand in metropolitan cities. Short distance travel has become an unresolved issue for daily commuters. The case presents how MMVs have emerged as an alternative mode of transport for resolving issues of daily commuters regarding the first-mile connectivity, last-mile connectivity and short distance travel to reach their final destination. MMVs are basically light-weight vehicles which occupy less space on road. These vehicles include bicycles, e-bikes, skateboards, hoverboards and other battery-operated vehicles. The case narrates the journey of Yulu, a dockless bike-sharing venture which promoted the concept of green consumerism among the daily commuters at affordable rates. The venture initially started in the IT city of Bangalore and later expanded its operations to other cities such as Pune, Navi Mumbai, Gurugram and Bhubaneswar. The speciality of this venture is that it offers a sustainable solution to ever-increasing problems of traffic congestion and aggravating air pollution issues in metropolitan cities. Dilemma: How to offer a sustainable solution to the ever-increasing problem of traffic congestion and aggravating air pollution due to rising vehicular traffic? How to make short distance travel affordable and more convenient for daily commuters? Theory: Three pillars of sustainable development. Type of Case: Problem solving applied case. Protagonist: Present. Discussion and Case Questions: What strategies should be employed by the start-up to make it a more popular form of commute? How can the increasing rate of damage to the vehicles be brought down? How does organization structure and cluster management practices of Yulu help it to become more sustainable? How can the regulatory bodies and government promote and adopt such start-ups in their urban planning projects?

scholarly journals Air Pollution Exposure in Walking School Bus Routes: A New Zealand Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Dirks ◽  
Jennifer Salmond ◽  
Nicholas Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
School Buses ◽  
The Road ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Pollution Exposure

Walking School Buses (WSBs), organized groups for children to walk to school under the supervision of adults, help reduce traffic congestion and contribute towards exercise. Routes are based largely on need, traffic safety and travel time, with exposure to air pollution not generally considered. This paper explores whether reductions in exposure can be achieved based on the side of the road travelled using data collected in Auckland, New Zealand. Exposure to air pollution was measured for a 25-min commute consisting of a 10-min segment along a quiet cul-de-sac and a 15-min segment along a main arterial road with traffic congestion heavier in one direction. Two participants were each equipped with a portable P-Trak ultrafine particle monitor and a portable Langan carbon monoxide monitor, and walked the route on opposite sides of the road simultaneously, for both morning and afternoon, logging 10-s data. The results suggest that pedestrians travelling on the footpath next to the less congested side of the road in the morning avoid many short-term peaks in concentration and experience significantly lower mean exposures than those travelling on the footpath next to the more congested side. Significant reductions in air pollution exposure could be made for children by taking into account the side of the road in WSB route design.

scholarly journals Issuances of Automotive Vehicles and the Impacts on Air Quality in the Largest City in the Brazilian Amazon

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cartaxo ◽  
Ilsa Valois ◽  
Vladimiro Miranda ◽  
Marcia Costa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Manaus, a city of more than two million people, suffers problems arising from strong sunlight and aggravated by several factors, such as traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions generated by evaporation and burning of fuel. The present study examined Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) emissions in an urban area of the city using different methodologies. CO and NO2 were measured using automated and passive analyzers, respectively. Meanwhile, direct monitoring of these pollutants was performed in vehicular sources in the vicinity of sampling locations. Results showed that levels of carbon monoxide vary over time, being higher during peak movement of vehicles. NO2 values have exceeded the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), and monitoring at source showed high levels of CO and NO2 emissions to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals The Consequences of Carsharing Systems on Vehicles Ownership In Urban Cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mohammad Alhejji
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Fuel Costs ◽  
The U.S

In 2001, there were more than approximately 92% of United States households had at least one vehicle and 60% owned two or more vehicles (Shaheen et al., 2005). This usage of the automobile is a major impact of air pollution and noise in the urban cities of the U.S. (Katzev 2003). Urban communities face serious environmental, healthy, and transportation problems as the extreme growth of transit movement around streets. It contributes about 45% of the nitrogen oxides and 70% of the carbon monoxide in U.S urban cities (Katzev, 2003). In Portland, as another example, 35% of the total energy consumption in 2010 was generated by road transit and about 30% of CO 2 emissions (Baptista et al., 2014). With the increasing of fuel costs and vehicle ownership, people are looking for alternatives to ownership of vehicle cars (Shaheen et al., 2006) that have positive impacts or no negative impacts at least. The main goal of car sharing systems is to provide an easy access for individuals to own a privet car without any responsibilities and costs of ownership. Consequently, it reduces the volume of traffics in urban cities, then reduce air pollution.  

scholarly journals Do Rail Transits Improve Local Air Quality? Take Chengdu-Nanchang for Example

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyuan Wang ◽  
Yuping Wang ◽  
Zhijian Zhang ◽  
Jingwei Li
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Transit System

Abstract Many cities in China have invested the city’s rail transit system to reduce urban air pollution and traffic congestion. Earlier studies rarely compare the effects of rail transit on urban air quality in different cities, providing little guidance to urban planners in solving traffic congestion and air quality. By using the rail transit lines in Chengdu and Nanchang as case studies, this paper attempts to examine the effect of rail transit on air pollution. Data were collected from 18 monitoring stations distributed along the chosen rail transit lines in both cities during the period 2014 to 2016 and analyzed using the regression discontinuity design to address the potential endogenous location of subway stations. The results show that subway opening in Nanchang has a better reductions from automobile exhaust than that in Chengdu, specifically, carbon monoxide pollution, one key tailpipe pollutant, experienced a 10.23% greater reduction after Nanchang Metro Line 1 opened. On the contrary, the point estimate for carbon monoxide in Chengdu is 22.42% and statistically significant at the 1% level. Nanchang Metro Line 1 does play an important role in road traffic externalities, but the benefit was not huge enough to change the overall air quality. On the contrary, the opening of the Chengdu Metro Line 4 is unlikely to yield improvements in air quality.

Environmental Performance of Industrial Gas Turbines

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Johnson ◽  
Colin Wilkes
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
The World ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Needs

At this point in time, everyone is “for the environment” and this is true the world world over because the atmosphere is shared by peoples of all nations. Air pollution from hydrocarbon fuel combustion, both worldwide and local, is discussed by reviewing known measurements of contaminants. Application of gas turbines by industry is one way to provide power needs for attaining and maintaining an industrial society. Environmental performance of industrial gas turbines with respect to exhaust emissions and environmental impact is presented for oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and visible smoke. Results of recent abatement efforts are also presented together with estimates of potential improvements to show the place of the industrial combustion turbine in a world with growing concern for environmental improvement.

Emissions From IC Engines Fueled With Alcohol–Gasoline Blends: A Literature Review

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reda M. Bata ◽  
Alvon C. Elrod ◽  
Richard W. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
The World ◽  
Ic Engines

Since air pollution by automotive exhaust gases is of increasing concern around the world, an examination of the work that has been done with regard to evaluating and reducing it can help focus future efforts in dealing with it. Alcohol-containing fuels not only have been shown to have the potential to produce less of many of the polluting gases, but they also constitute a viable alternative to gasoline from the standpoint of efficiency and reducing dependence on the rapidly dwindling supply of petroleum fuel. This report provides a survey of the literature concerning research reported since 1975 on emissions from IC engines operating on alcohol-gasoline fuel blends. The effects of alcohol on the exhaust emissions (carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and the aldehydes (CHO)) are reviewed. A comparison is made of the emissions benefits achieved when methanol or ethanol is used either in neat form or as the blending agent with gasoline. The primary dependent variable considered is emission level (reported on various bases) with the main independent variables being fuel composition, equivalence ratio, and ignition timing. Brief mention is also made of the potential emissions reduction that may be achieved by using dissociated methanol.

scholarly journals Caracterización de la Contaminación Atmosférica por Calcinación de Yeso en los Municipios de Araripina y Trindade, Noreste de Brasil

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Givanilda Honório Silva ◽  
Miguel Ysrrael Ramírez-Sánchez ◽  
Rodrigo Florencio da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Emissions ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
Using Data

ResumenEste manuscrito presenta a través de un estudio tipo no experiemental la caracterización de la contaminación atmosférica por la calcinación de yeso en los municipios de Araripina y Trindade del estado de Pernambuco, en el noreste de Brasil. Esos municipios son importantes por conformar el Complejo Yesero de Araripe que representa la mayor parte de la producción de yeso de Brasil, considerada una de las mayores del mundo. La investigación se realizó utilizando datos de informes de pruebas de caracterización de emisiones atmosféricas realizadas en 20 empresas, 9 de Trindade y 11 de Araripina, de 2015 a 2018. Según los resultados, no hubo una reducción significativa en las emisiones de contaminantes entre 2015 y 2016, lo que evidencia pocas inversiones en el mantenimiento y mejora de los procesos. Sin embargo, para el período 2017-2018, los datos muestran una disminución en las emisiones de contaminantes, con un número considerable de empresas que cumplen con los límites establecidos por la ley. Dado lo anterior, existe la necesidad de intensificar la supervisión de las empresas de yeso en la región debido los hornos se encuentran en condiciones precarias sin mantenimiento y mejora en el proceso de combustión donde las emisiones de monóxido de carbono y otros contaminantes que exceden en mucho el límite permitido por la legislación ambiental. Palabras-clave: Contaminación del aire, Residuos de yeso, Análisis isocinético. AbstractThis manuscript presents through a non-experimental type study, the characterization of air pollution by the calcination of plaster in the municipalities of Araripina and Trindade in the state of Pernambuco, in northeastern Brazil. These municipalities are important for shaping the Plaster Complex of Araripe, which represents the majority of the plaster production in Brazil, considered one of the largest in the world. The research was conducted using data from reports of atmospheric emissions characterization tests carried out in 20 companies, 9 from Trindade and 11 from Araripina, from 2015 to 2018. According to the results, there was no significant reduction in pollutant emissions between 2015 and 2016, which shows few investments in the maintenance and improvement of the processes. However, for the 2017-2018 period, the data shows a decrease in pollutant emissions, with a considerable number of companies that meet the limits established by law. Given the above, there is a need to intensify the supervision of gypsum companies in the region because the furnaces are in precarious conditions without maintenance and improvement in the combustion process where emissions of carbon monoxide and other pollutants that greatly exceed the limit allowed by environmental legislation.Keywords: Atmospheric pollution, Plaster waste, Isokinetic analysis.

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