Environmental Performance of Industrial Gas Turbines

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Johnson ◽  
Colin Wilkes
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
The World ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Needs

At this point in time, everyone is “for the environment” and this is true the world world over because the atmosphere is shared by peoples of all nations. Air pollution from hydrocarbon fuel combustion, both worldwide and local, is discussed by reviewing known measurements of contaminants. Application of gas turbines by industry is one way to provide power needs for attaining and maintaining an industrial society. Environmental performance of industrial gas turbines with respect to exhaust emissions and environmental impact is presented for oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and visible smoke. Results of recent abatement efforts are also presented together with estimates of potential improvements to show the place of the industrial combustion turbine in a world with growing concern for environmental improvement.

scholarly journals Status of Air Pollution Regulations Affecting Gas Turbines in 80 Nations

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Ketterer ◽  
N. R. Dibelius
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Ground Level Concentration ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
Air Pollution Emissions

This paper summarizes regulations from 80 countries covering air pollution emissions from gas turbines. The paper includes emission and ground level concentration standards for particulates, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, visible emissions, and carbon monoxide.

scholarly journals A Review of Specifications for Methods of Measuring Emissions of Air Pollutants and Effluent of Water Pollutants

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Dibelius
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Volume Number ◽  
Federal Register ◽  
Water Pollutants ◽  
Made In

The measurement of air pollutants emitted to the atmosphere in exhaust gases from stationary gas turbines must be made in accordance with applicable government specifications in those cases where the measurements are being made to determine compliance with regulations. This paper reviews the methods for measuring opacity, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrocarbons, and particulates. In addition, the paper references the Federal Register (volume, number, and page) in which the official specification appears. Other methods, including ASME, SAE, and ASTM, are listed where applicable.

Study of Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Gas Turbine for Carbon Capture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Burnes ◽  
Priyank Saxena ◽  
Paul Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Gas Recirculation ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Hybrid Solutions ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Recirculation

Abstract The growing call of minimizing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitting from energy and transportation products will spur innovation to meet new stringent requirements while striving to preserve significant investments in the current infrastructure. This paper presents quantitative analysis of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on industrial gas turbines to enable carbon sequestration venturing towards emission free operation. This study will show the effect of using EGR on gas turbine performance and operation, combustion characteristics, and demonstrate potential hybrid solutions with detailed constituent accounting. Both single shaft and two shaft gas turbines for power generation and mechanically driven equipment are considered for application of this technology. One key element is assessing the combustion system operating at reduced O2 levels within the industrial gas turbine. With the gas turbine behavior operating with EGR defined at a reasonable operating state, a parametric study shows rates of CO2 sequestration along with quantifying supplemental O2 required at the inlet, if needed, to sustain combustion. With rates of capture known, a further exploration is examined reviewing potential utilities, monetizing these sequestered constituents. Ultimately, the objective is to preview a potential future of operating industrial gas turbines in a non-emissive and in some cases carbon negative manner while still using hydrocarbon fuel.

scholarly journals The More Stringent, the Better? Rationing Car Use in Bogotá with Moderate and Drastic Restrictions

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A Bonilla
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
License Plate ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Gasoline Consumption ◽  
Car Use ◽  
Driving Restrictions ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Rationing car use based on license plate number has become a popular policy in several cities around the world to address traffic congestion and air pollution. This paper studies the effects of the moderate and drastic driving restrictions imposed as part of the Pico y Placa program on car use and air pollution in Bogotá. Using data on ambient carbon monoxide, gasoline consumption, and vehicle sales and registrations, no evidence of an improvement in air quality or a reduction in car use is found in either phase of the program. On the contrary, there is some indication that, relative to the moderate phase, gasoline consumption, vehicle ownership, and carbon monoxide in the morning peak tended to increase slightly when drastic restrictions were implemented.

scholarly journals A Water Quenched Low NOx Coal Slurry Combustor for Industrial Gas Turbines

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wilkes ◽  
M. K. Razdan ◽  
C. B. Santanam
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Coal Slurry ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
The Rich

A 1.8 kgs/sec (4 lbs/sec) bench-scale rich-quench-lean combustor has been successfully developed to burn micronized coal-water slurry (CWS) mixtures with 50% solids loading. Water quenching is used to freeze and shatter slag particles leaving the rich zone which are trapped and removed from the hot gas stream in a cyclone separator. Rich zone carbon burnout efficiencies in excess of 99% have been measured experimentally and are in good agreement with two-dimensional (2-D) coal combustion model predictions. Stable operation in the rich zone on 100% CWS at design conditions has been achieved. The low calorific value gas (125 to 445 Kcal/scm, 14 to 50 Btu/scf) produced in the quench zone, auto ignited in the lean zone at all conditions and self-sustained combustion was maintained without the need for auxiliary fuel. Low measured values of carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) concentrations in the exhaust gases have demonstrated the ability of the combustor to control emissions to well within acceptable levels. The bench-scale data provides a technology base for the design of a 15 kgs/sec (33 lbs/sec) combustor that will be used for testing of an advanced coal-fueled gas turbine engine.

scholarly journals Design and Fabrication of Two-Wheeler Silencer Using Catalytic Convertor

2019 ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
M. Ganesh ◽  
A. Sriramarvind ◽  
P. K. Saran Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
The Public ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbon ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Wheeler

Air pollution is the biggest cause of environmental degradation in the world and it also cause health problems. The major source for these pollutions are industries & automobiles. In automobile pollutants can be reduced by using a catalytic converter the main aim of our project is fabricate the low cost catalytic converter for two wheeler. The emission contents namely NOx and HC are 90% reduced. From the public health point of view the is most important is Air pollution , because every individual person breathes approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 Kg of air daily. Polluted air causes physical ill effects and undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. The main pollutants are contributed by automobiles which include carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. So it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve earth’s environment from degradation

A Repair Alternative for Worn Square-Base Compressor Vanes

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodger O. Anderson ◽  
Fred T. Willett
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Field Experience ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Sliding Motion ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Classic Solution ◽  
Over Time

Square base compressor vanes are a simple time-tested design and are in use in hundreds of large industrial gas turbines throughout the world. The square base of the vane fits inside a carrier slot machined into the compressor casing. Over time, the motion of the vane base, during operation and due to start-stop cycles, results in wear of both the vane base and the compressor casing. The classic solution to this wear problem is vane replacement and extensive repair of the casing either by welding or remachining and adding a patch ring. The square base compressor vane design is described, along with exemplary evidence of the wear problem. An alternative to the expensive repair is presented. The alternative approach addresses the root cause of the wear, i.e., the sliding motion at the vane base–casing interface. The vane contact is modeled with and without the solution to show, analytically, the benefit of the alternative approach. Successful field experience is also presented and discussed.

Development of a Dry Low NOx Combustor

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Davis ◽  
R. M. Washam
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Consequent Reduction ◽  
Oil Fuel ◽  
Control Water

Controls for emissions of oxides of nitrogen were first required for gas turbines by the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District (LAAPCD) and the San Diego Air Pollution Control District (SDAPCD) in the early 1970’s. To achieve the necessary control, water was injected into the combustor flame zone to reduce flame temperature. The consequent reduction in NOx amounted to about forty percent when half as much water as fuel was injected into the reaction zone. The emissions level achieved was approximately 75 ppmvd (parts per million by volume dry) on oil fuel as required by SDAPCD Rule 68, and with the airflow of these MS5000 machines at about 950,000 lbm/hr, this corresponded to 140 lbm/hr of NO2 when expressed at 15% O2 as required by LAAPCD Rule 67. Hilt and Waslo, (Ref. 1) and Hilt, et al (Ref. 2, 3) provide summary discussions of this work.

Emissions From IC Engines Fueled With Alcohol–Gasoline Blends: A Literature Review

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reda M. Bata ◽  
Alvon C. Elrod ◽  
Richard W. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
The World ◽  
Ic Engines

Since air pollution by automotive exhaust gases is of increasing concern around the world, an examination of the work that has been done with regard to evaluating and reducing it can help focus future efforts in dealing with it. Alcohol-containing fuels not only have been shown to have the potential to produce less of many of the polluting gases, but they also constitute a viable alternative to gasoline from the standpoint of efficiency and reducing dependence on the rapidly dwindling supply of petroleum fuel. This report provides a survey of the literature concerning research reported since 1975 on emissions from IC engines operating on alcohol-gasoline fuel blends. The effects of alcohol on the exhaust emissions (carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and the aldehydes (CHO)) are reviewed. A comparison is made of the emissions benefits achieved when methanol or ethanol is used either in neat form or as the blending agent with gasoline. The primary dependent variable considered is emission level (reported on various bases) with the main independent variables being fuel composition, equivalence ratio, and ignition timing. Brief mention is also made of the potential emissions reduction that may be achieved by using dissociated methanol.

The Effect of a Sample Lot of Fuel JECTORS on Emissions Levels of a Small Gas Turbine

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Opdyke
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Average Value

A single small gas turbine engine, containing an annular combustor producing nearly conventional emission levels, was sampled for gaseous emissions and smoke a total of 20 times in a one month period. Five samples each of two fuel injector designs were tested in random order, and the combustor angular orientation was varied with respect to the compressor. In addition to the basic tests with aviation kerosene fuel, emission measurements were also made with Avgas and diesel fuel with each injector design. Fuel spray drop size distributions were estimated from sample test data. The result of changing the fuel injectors was the production of a significant variation in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, with limited variation in oxides of nitrogen and smoke. After correction for ambient and operating conditions. the standard deviation in the EPA parameter for hydrocarbons was about 30 percent of the average value and 15 percent of the average value for carbon monoxide. It was postulated that the variation was caused by fuel injector manufacturing tolerances which resulted in large variations in the maximum drop size in individual sprays causing variable entrapment of unvaporized drops in the wall cooling film. The conclusion is that small and perhaps non-detectable variations in injectors can cause changes in emissions from gas turbines, and, in particular, from small gas turbines.

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