Economic Transformation in Africa from the Bottom Up: New Evidence from Tanzania

Abstract Tanzania's rapid labor productivity growth has been accompanied by a proliferation of small, largely informal firms. Using Tanzania's first nationally representative survey of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)—this paper explores the nature of these businesses. It finds that these firms are located in both rural and urban areas and that they operate primarily in trade services and manufacturing. Roughly half of all business owners say they would not leave their job for a full-time salaried position. Fifteen percent of these small businesses contribute significantly to economy-wide labor productivity. The most important policy implication of the evidence presented in this paper is that if the goal is to grow MSMEs with the potential to contribute to productive employment, policies must be targeted at the most promising firms.

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Demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting infant mortality in Egypt

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s002193200001885x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 447-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hassan Y. Aly

Keyword(s):

Infant Mortality ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Reduce Infant Mortality ◽

Nationally Representative

SummaryThis paper analyses the relative importance of demographic and socioeconomic factors with respect to their role in reducing infant mortality in Egypt.Logit analyses of data from a nationally representative sample of Egyptian households, and for urban and rural households separately, indicate that demographic factors have more effect on infant mortality than socioeconomic factors. The results also show the need to improve housing in urban areas and sewerage systems in rural areas in order to reduce infant mortality. One of the most important policy conclusions, however, concerns the importance of providing a vigorous educational campaign to enlighten mothers and prospective mothers in both rural and urban areas on the positive effects of breast-feeding, longer birth intervals, and fewer children on the survival of infants.

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ANALISIS PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KECIL DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT KASUS DI KABUPATEN: BIMA, SUMBAWA, DAN LOMBOK BARAT

EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) ◽

10.24034/j25485024.y2003.v7.i3.1984 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 325 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wargono Adisoewignyo

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Small Businesses ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rural Economy ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Poverty Eradication ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Small Scales ◽

The Government

The population of the small and medium scale businesses (SMSB) are amounted about more 500 thousand, while their role in GNP are about 50%. More 90% of the SMSB are small scales and carry out their activities in many sectors which are spead out in rural and urban areas as well. The power of the SMSB has been proved through the crises since 1998, they are still exsits, while the conglomerate had been col/aped. The development programme of small businesses in Indonesia has been intorduced for more than 3 decades, but the results are still queationable. In the beginning of 90's, such programmes were introduced in a line of the poverty eradication (PPE). The PPE programes such as PHBK, P4K, KUKESRA and IDT are in a line to the programes of developing real sectors in rural areas. Poverty is a crucial problem and consists of multidimensional aspects, not only economic but also social, cultural, structural and institutional as well.The previous programes never touch the core problem, operate separately, and rarely include the group targets (poor society) to actively participate in the programs. Another new programs such as P-IK, PHBK, KUKESRA and IDT have also been carried out, but at the present the results were still questionably. Some programes are introduced to develop small scales business, such as PHBK dan KUKESRAAims of the study are to indentify: the successes and the .fails of varoius programs for eradicating poverty, terms as 'Program for Poverty Eradication· or shortly PPE; how the fund has been allocated, managed, and coordinated; how jar the society, LSM, and poors themselves do involve; and how jar the programs could reduce poverty and sustainable develop the rural economy. The study has been carried out in three kabupatens: Bima. Sumbawa, dan West Lombok Resource persons are the GO and the NGO officers who close relate with the PPE. The respondents are members POKMAS who receive fund of the PPE. The Sarasehan procedure with resource applies to collect secondary data of the PPE's program from resource persons, while the participatory and emphatic procedures are used to invite responses and attitudes of respondents.The results indicate the models of the PPH, such as P-IK, PHBK. KUKESRA and IDT could not be generalized. Some were more rigid, while some others were accommodative. Some were effective, the others were stagnant, evermore fails. They need solid commitment of all: the government institutions from the top to the lowest. The involvement of the TOGA, the TOMA, and the NGO, and the poor themselves. The more rigid the programs were managed and directed (by the government), the higher the probability of programs are stagnant and even morefruitlessly.

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Handloom and Handloom Industry: A Review

Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences ◽

10.18782/2582-2845.8667 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 136-139

Author(s):

Rickey Rani Boruah ◽

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Transformation ◽

Industrial Society ◽

Current Status ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural Income ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Market Value Chain ◽

Two Sectors

Indian economy comprises of two sectors rural and urban. In economic transformation from agriculture to an industrial society handloom industry plays an important role in generating local employment as it is scattered in the rural and urban areas. It works as a vehicle for poverty alleviation, rural income generation and regional economic development. Various governmental policies and institutional framework can play a very important role in the field of development. In spite of these, it has been observed that a number of handloom weaving units are continued to be in the grip of problems. The problems range from limited products range to absence of market value chain along with poor front end marketing. Therefore the purpose of this research is to familiarize with the current status of handloom and handloom Industry of Assam.

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Parental Perception of Neighborhood Safety and Children’s Physical Activity

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2015-0557 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1110-1116 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Karla I. Galaviz ◽

Deena Zytnick ◽

Michelle C. Kegler ◽

Solveig A. Cunningham

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Fifth Grade ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Neighborhood Safety ◽

Recreational Facilities ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Children’S Physical Activity

Background:We examined the relationship between parents’ perception of neighborhood safety and children’s physical activity and use of recreation facilities in a US nationally representative sample of fifth grade children.Methods:We used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten cohort, fifth grade sample (N = 9827). Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to examine associations between parents’ perception of neighborhood safety for outside play and number of days children engage in physical activity, as well as children’s use of recreational facilities for physical activity.Results:Children who used recreational facilities engaged in physical activity on more days of the week compared with children who did not use a facility (3.3 days vs. 3.8 days, P < .0001). Children from neighborhoods perceived as unsafe by parents engaged in almost 1 less day per week in physical activity (β = –.89, P < .0001). Children from neighborhoods perceived as unsafe were less likely to use recreational facilities compared with children from neighborhoods perceived as safe (odds ratio = 0.72, P < .0001). Children from less affluent families across rural and urban areas had half the odds of using recreational facilities compared with children from the wealthiest families living in urban areas.Conclusions:Parents’ perception of neighborhood safety for outside play can deter or promote children’s physical activity and use of recreational facilities. Children from less affluent families are less likely to use facilities than children from wealthy families, regardless of place of residence.

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Role of hypertension in the association of overweight and obesity with diabetes among adults in Bangladesh: a population-based, cross-sectional nationally representative survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050493 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. e050493

Author(s):

Md Belal Hossain ◽

Jahidur Rahman Khan ◽

Rajat Das Gupta

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Mediation Effect ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Poor Households ◽

Nationally Representative

AimsOverweight and obesity (OWOB) is a modifiable risk factor for both hypertension and diabetes. However, the association between OWOB and diabetes among Bangladeshi adults and how hypertension may mediate this relationship are not well explored. This study aimed to examine (1) whether OWOB is independently associated with diabetes among Bangladeshi adults, (2) whether this association is mediated by hypertension, and (3) the effect modification by wealth status and place of residence in the relationships.Research design and methodsWe used data of 9305 adults aged ≥18 years from the most recent nationally representative cross-sectional study of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018. Design-based logistic regression was used to assess the association between OWOB and diabetes, and counterfactual framework-based weighting approach was used to evaluate the mediation effect of hypertension in the OWOB–diabetes relationship. We used stratified analyses for the effect modifications.ResultsThe prevalence of OWOB, diabetes and hypertension was 48.5%, 11.7% and 30.3%, respectively. We observed a significant association between OWOB and diabetes and a mediating role of hypertension in the OWOB–diabetes association. The odds of diabetes was 51% higher among adults with OWOB than those without OWOB (adjusted OR: 1.51, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.77). We observed that 18.64% (95% CI 9.84% to 34.07%) of the total effect of OWOB on the higher odds of diabetes was mediated through hypertension, and the mediation effect was higher among adults from non-poor households and from both rural and urban areas.ConclusionsAdult OWOB status is independently associated with diabetes in Bangladesh, and hypertension mediates this association. Therefore, prevention policies should target adults with both OWOB and hypertension, particularly those from non-poor households and from both rural and urban areas, to reduce the growing burden of diabetes and its associated risk.

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Socio-economic development through the exploitation of natural resources in rural South Africa

Environmental Economics ◽

10.21511/ee.08(4).2017.06 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 44-52

Author(s):

Akwasi Arko-Achemfuor

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Transformation ◽

Rural South ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Government ◽

Rural South Africa

South Africa has many developmental challenges but three have been identified as affecting each other. The three challenges are unemployment, poverty and inequality. The Second Quarter Report by Statistics South Africa (STATSSA) confirms that poverty, unemployment and inequality are highest in rural areas and most especially among people with no or little education. Meanwhile, many people in rural South Africa have access to land which can be used to produce food for the ever increasing population in both the rural and urban areas, as well as for export and other value adding agribusinesses. The task of addressing the challenges of poor communities calls for a multi-stakeholder approach which can include the private sector, NGOs, communities, traditional leaders and the state coming together to pursue economic transformation in rural South Africa by tapping into the natural resources nature has provided for the communities. This article reports on how some stakeholders have come together to transform a rural community in South Africa. The paper uses qualitative data from personal and focus group interviews and observations as the main data collection instruments. The findings indicate that the stakeholders have been able to empower a community by tapping into and effectively using the natural resources in an area to transform it through collaborations and partnerships. The model is recommended to the government and development practitioners for adoption on how the natural resources that exist within communities can be exploited and effectively managed to transform rural economies to ensure inclusive growth and development.

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Some New Evidence on the Incidence of Poverty in Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v27i4iipp.509-515 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 27 (4II) ◽

pp. 509-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Muhammad Hussain Malik

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Previous Survey ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

The Past ◽

The Poor ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Time Periods ◽

New Evidence ◽

Poverty Levels

A number of studies have been done in the past to measure the level of poverty in Pakistan. These studies include Naseem (1973, 1977), Alauddin (1975), Mujahid (1979), Irfan and Amjad (1983), Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985) and Cheema (1985). The time periods covered by these studies are not the same. Moreover, in some cases the methodologies and results of these studies also differ. The present study covers the most recent data made available in the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) for 1984-85. Some selected previous Survey years have also been included in the study to see changes in poverty levels over time. The incidence of poverty is measured on the basis of both households and population. To determine the location of the poor, poverty levels have been estimated for rural and urban areas of the country.

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Intergenerational Occupational Persistence: Recent Evidence from Indian States

Journal of Asian Development Research ◽

10.1177/2633190x20973535 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2633190X2097353

Author(s):

Sweta Lahiri ◽

Tushar K. Nandi

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Family Background ◽

Sample Survey ◽

General Category ◽

Indian States ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Productive Assets

This article studies intergenerational occupational persistence using three recent rounds of a nationally representative sample survey from India. More than 60% of Indians are employed in the industry where their fathers are also employed. We find that individuals from Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Hindus have higher occupational persistence than those from the General Class (GEN) and Muslims, respectively. Persistence in general is higher in rural areas. We find considerable interstate and intrastate variations in the incidence across General Category States (GCSs) and Special Category States (SCSs). It has remained almost unchanged among GCSs on average, whereas it has decreased gradually for SCSs. Large inter-regional disparity exists within states between rural and urban areas and between capital and non-capital districts. Such disparity is found to be higher among GCSs. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are the GCSs with large and increasing occupational persistence. Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram are the SCSs with persistence of above 70%. Using a probit estimation analysis, we find family background (father’s education in rural area and ownership of productive assets) to have a significant and consistent influence on intergenerational persistence compared to own education. Results in general indicate that background factors play a stronger role than education does in the choice of occupation among Indians.

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