Some New Evidence on the Incidence of Poverty in Pakistan

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (4II) ◽  
pp. 509-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hussain Malik
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Previous Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Poverty Levels

A number of studies have been done in the past to measure the level of poverty in Pakistan. These studies include Naseem (1973, 1977), Alauddin (1975), Mujahid (1979), Irfan and Amjad (1983), Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985) and Cheema (1985). The time periods covered by these studies are not the same. Moreover, in some cases the methodologies and results of these studies also differ. The present study covers the most recent data made available in the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) for 1984-85. Some selected previous Survey years have also been included in the study to see changes in poverty levels over time. The incidence of poverty is measured on the basis of both households and population. To determine the location of the poor, poverty levels have been estimated for rural and urban areas of the country.

Literacy and Education: Fifth Release From the 1961 Census of Pakistan (Review Article)

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-442
Author(s):  
Jamila Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Age And Sex

This review of the Literacy and Education Bklletin1 of the 1961 Census is fourth in the series of review articles published in this journal2. The Bulletin under review forms a part of the interim report on the characteristics of the population of Pakistan. It gives information on the number of illiterate and literate persons by age and sex for rural and urban areas on division and district basis; illiterate and literate.population in selected cities and towns; and the educational levels attained by the literate population by age and sex for divisions and districts. Relevant statistical notes and statements precede the tables in the Bulletin. The objective of this review is to describe the meaningfulness and significance of literacy statistics. To this end, a distinction is made between formal and functional levels of literacy. Comparisons of the 1951 and 1961 census figures are undertaken to indicate the progress of literacy and education during the past decade with reference to the effect of intercensal rate of population growth on such progress. Certain questions regarding the reliability of data are raised, which emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of literacy statistics.

scholarly journals Economic Transformation in Africa from the Bottom Up: New Evidence from Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S58-S62
Author(s):  
Xinshen Diao ◽  
Josaphat Kweka ◽  
Margaret McMillan ◽  
Zara Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract Tanzania's rapid labor productivity growth has been accompanied by a proliferation of small, largely informal firms. Using Tanzania's first nationally representative survey of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)—this paper explores the nature of these businesses. It finds that these firms are located in both rural and urban areas and that they operate primarily in trade services and manufacturing. Roughly half of all business owners say they would not leave their job for a full-time salaried position. Fifteen percent of these small businesses contribute significantly to economy-wide labor productivity. The most important policy implication of the evidence presented in this paper is that if the goal is to grow MSMEs with the potential to contribute to productive employment, policies must be targeted at the most promising firms.

Estimates of fertility and infant and child mortality for Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea: a comparative analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
William K. A. Agyei
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

SummaryData collected on fertility, mortality and family planning in two surveys in Papua New Guinea are presented. The first survey was conducted in rural and urban areas between November 1979 and March 1980 in eight provinces of Papua New Guinea, and the second between late June and early July 1981 in the Lae urban area. The unadjusted total fertility rates suggest that fertility is lower in the Lae urban area than in the rural and provincial urban areas. However, the adjusted rates indicate that fertility is higher in the provincial urban areas than in the rural and Lae urban areas. The results also confirm a trend towards lower infant and child mortality over the past 15 years, as well as the existence of moderate differentials between rural, provincial urban and the Lae urban areas.

scholarly journals An Estimate of the Shadow Wage Rate in Pakistan

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Minimum Wage Legislation ◽  
Benefit Cost

In the past few years, increasing attention has been given to the methods by which investments in developing countries should be appraised. Benefit-cost analyses, based on market prices and costs, do not indicate whether an investment would be profitable from a social point of view. The methods of project evaluation developed in the past decade suggest ways in which private costs and benefits can be adjusted to reflect positive or negative externalities and to eliminate the effects of distorting taxes and subsidies which influence private decisions but which do not affect an investment's fundamental economic value. One item in an investment's cost for which the market value is widely believed to be unrepresentative of its social value is labour. Much of develop¬ment theory has been built around the notion that labour is misallocated, largely because it is mis-priced. Urban labour commands a wage above its equilibrium price because of the effects of unions, minimum wage legislation and other institutional rigidities. For institutional reasons as well, rural labour is paid a wage which is in excess of its marginal contribution to agricultural output. Determining the social opportunity cost of labour is consequently essential to the proper evaluation of investment in both rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Consumption and Trade of Wheat and Flour in Pakistan - The Role of Public and Private Sectors

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-171
Author(s):  
Peter A. Cornelisse ◽  
Hans De Kruijk
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Wheat Market

This article, the second of two articles In this Review on the operation of the wheat market in Pakistan,- describes the various sources from which consumers in the Punjab, Sind and the NWFP obtain wheat and flour. There appear to be considerable differences in the patterns of wheat provisioning, if consumers are distinguished by province, rural and urban areas and household income. Further, an evaluation is made of the performance of private traders in wheat- and flour-markets. These findings are then used to examine whether the position of self-sufficiency in wheat, which the country has recently achieved, provides arguments for revising the wheat-market policies adopted during a period when the situation was much less favourable.

Managing the working donkey in Ethiopia to assist poor people make the most of their resources

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
R. A. Pearson ◽  
D.G. Smith ◽  
M. Alemayehu ◽  
Y. Shiferaw
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

The donkey is essential to the livelihoods of many families, providing relief from drudgery and diversification of household income in both rural and urban areas, particularly in their role in transport. Ethiopia possesses the largest donkey population in Africa. The donkey is preferred over other equines because of its affordability, survivability and ease of handling.

scholarly journals The Past Tense of Our Selves: Um adeus português in 1980s Portugal

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Dias Branco
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Topic ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Portuguese Society

The central topic of João Botelho’s Um adeus português (1986), is memory in 1980s Portuguese society. The film alternates scenes from 1973, during the colonial war in Africa, with scenes set in 1985, in rural and urban areas of Portugal. In the present essay, I argue that the film enacts the need for a conversation among the Portuguese by opting for a structure that puts its own elements in dialogue. I analyze the film’s stylistic features while also contextualizing it within 1980s Portugal. This study is anchored in five themes: war, race, class, labor, and religion.

scholarly journals Consumption Patterns of Major Food Items in Pakistan: Provincial, Sectoral and Inter-temporal Differences 1979 - 1984-85

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (4II) ◽  
pp. 751-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohail J. Malik ◽  
Mohammao Mushtaq ◽  
Ejaz Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Consumption Behaviour ◽  
Expenditure Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban

Two studies were presented at the Fourth Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists that dealt with the regional and intertemporal differences in .consumption behaviour in Pakistan. The first study by Ahmad and Ludlow (1987) presented a sophisticated analysis using the modified LES method and household-level observations, based on the 1979 Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Based on the disaggregated estimates of the demand response for the rural and urban areas of Pakistan's four provinces the study concluded that there were significant differences in consumption patterns between rural and urban areas and across provinces for the 17 commodities studied. However, the analysis did not present any rigorous econometric testing of these differences. The second study by Malik et of. (1987) while studying the rural-urban differences and the stability of consumption behaviour for six aggregate commodity groups presented fairly rigorous tests to conclude that for the commodity groups studied, although there were statistically significant differences in consumption behaViour over time, there were no rural-urban differences in the two largest categories considered i.e. food and drinks and clothing and footwear in any of the years from 1963•64 to 1984•85 for which the aggregate Household Income and Expenditure Survey data were available in published form. This obvious difference in the results from the two studies could in fact have resulted from the aggregation of the commodities analyzed in the second study. This apparent contradiction in the results needs to be evaluated further.

scholarly journals Understanding the dynamics of Nigeria’s urban transition: A refutation of the ‘stalled urbanisation’ hypothesis

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 947-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Fox ◽  
Robin Bloch ◽  
Jose Monroy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Basic Facts

Nigeria contains some of Africa’s oldest and newest cities, hosts five of the 30 largest urban settlements on the continent, and is estimated to have the biggest urban population on the continent. Yet many of the basic ‘facts’ about spatial-demographic trends in Nigeria have been contested. Most recently, an article published in World Development in 2012 claimed that urbanisation had stalled in Nigeria. In an effort to establish and explain the stylised facts of Nigeria’s urban transition we analyse demographic and spatial trends drawing on diverse sources, including censuses, household surveys, remotely sensed data and migration studies conducted over the past three decades. The evidence does not support the claim of stalled urbanisation: Nigeria’s urban population is growing rapidly in absolute terms and will continue to increase as a share of the national population because of both rural–urban migration and rural transformation. These drivers of urbanisation are a product of persistently high fertility in a context of declining mortality in both rural and urban areas. Robust economic growth over the past decade likely accelerated urbanisation, but even as the economy slows demographic fundamentals will continue to drive rapid urban growth and urbanisation.

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