scholarly journals Pattern Recognition Receptors: From the Cell Surface to Intracellular Dynamics

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1031-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Altenbach ◽  
Silke Robatzek
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Receptor Endocytosis ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Plant Surfaces ◽  
Review Current

Detection of potentially infectious microorganisms is essential for plant immunity. Microbial communities growing on plant surfaces are constantly monitored according to their conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). In recent years, several pattern-recognition receptors, including receptor-like kinases and receptor-like proteins, and their contribution to disease resistance have been described. MAMP signaling must be carefully controlled and seems to involve receptor endocytosis. As a further surveillance layer, plants are able to specifically recognize microbial effector molecules via nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat receptors (NB-LRR). A number of recent studies show that NB-LRR translocate to the nucleus in order to exert their activity. In this review, current knowledge regarding the recognition of MAMPs by surface receptors, receptor activation, signaling, and subcellular redistribution are discussed.

scholarly journals Anti-Viral Pattern Recognition Receptors as Therapeutic Targets

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2258
Author(s):  
Conor Hennessy ◽  
Declan P. McKernan
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Activation Of Transcription ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a central role in the inflammation that ensues following microbial infection by their recognition of molecular patterns present in invading microorganisms but also following tissue damage by recognising molecules released during disease states. Such receptors are expressed in a variety of cells and in various compartments of these cells. PRR binding of molecular patterns results in an intracellular signalling cascade and the eventual activation of transcription factors and the release of cytokines, chemokines, and vasoactive molecules. PRRs and their accessory molecules are subject to tight regulation in these cells so as to not overreact or react in unnecessary circumstances. They are also key to reacting to infection and in stimulating the immune system when needed. Therefore, targeting PRRs offers a potential therapeutic approach for chronic inflammatory disease, infections and as vaccine adjuvants. In this review, the current knowledge on anti-viral PRRs and their signalling pathways is reviewed. Finally, compounds that target PRRs and that have been tested in clinical trials for chronic infections and as adjuvants in vaccine trials are discussed.

Acute adenosinergic cardioprotection in ischemic-reperfused hearts

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. H1797-H1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Headrick ◽  
Ben Hack ◽  
Kevin J. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Ischemic Insult ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide Pool ◽  
Adenosine Receptor Activation ◽  
Review Current

Cells of the cardiovascular system generate and release purine nucleoside adenosine in increasing quantities when constituent cells are “stressed” or subjected to injurious stimuli. This increased adenosine can interact with surface receptors in myocardial, vascular, fibroblast, and inflammatory cells to modulate cellular function and phenotype. Additionally, adenosine is rapidly reincorporated back into 5′-AMP to maintain the adenine nucleotide pool. Via these receptor-dependent and independent (metabolic) paths, adenosine can substantially modify the acute response to ischemic insult, in addition to generating a more sustained ischemia-tolerant phenotype (preconditioning). However, the molecular basis for acute adenosinergic cardioprotection remains incompletely understood and may well differ from more widely studied preconditioning. Here we review current knowledge and some controversies regarding acute cardioprotection via adenosine and adenosine receptor activation.

scholarly journals Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptor kinases

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (39) ◽  
pp. 11034-11039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malick Mbengue ◽  
Gildas Bourdais ◽  
Fabio Gervasi ◽  
Martina Beck ◽  
Ji Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Endosomal Pathway ◽  
Endosomal Vesicles

Sensing of potential pathogenic bacteria is of critical importance for immunity. In plants, this involves plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors, one of which is the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) receptor kinase. Ligand-activated FLS2 receptors are internalized into endosomes. However, the extent to which these spatiotemporal dynamics are generally present among pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their regulation remain elusive. Using live-cell imaging, we show that at least three other receptor kinases associated with plant immunity, PEP RECEPTOR 1/2 (PEPR1/2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), internalize in a ligand-specific manner. In all cases, endocytosis requires the coreceptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and thus depends on receptor activation status. We also show the internalization of liganded FLS2, suggesting the transport of signaling competent receptors. Trafficking of activated PRRs requires clathrin and converges onto the same endosomal vesicles that are also shared with the hormone receptor BRASSINOSTERIOD INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). Importantly, clathrin-dependent endocytosis participates in plant defense against bacterial infection involving FLS2-mediated stomatal closure and callose deposition, but is uncoupled from activation of the flagellin-induced oxidative burst and MAP kinase signaling. In conclusion, immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptors depends on clathrin, a critical component for the endocytosis of signaling competent receptors into a common endosomal pathway.

scholarly journals The Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptor EFR enhances fire blight resistance in apple

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Piazza ◽  
Manuela Campa ◽  
Valerio Pompili ◽  
Lorenza Dalla Costa ◽  
Umberto Salvagnin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Recognition Receptor

AbstractFire blight disease, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (E. amylovora), is responsible for substantial losses in cultivated apples worldwide. An important mechanism of plant immunity is based on the recognition of conserved microbial molecules, named pathogen-associated or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs), through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). The interspecies transfer of PRRs represents a promising strategy to engineer broad-spectrum and durable disease resistance in crops. EFR, the Arabidopsis thaliana PRR for the PAMP elf18 derived from the elongation factor thermal unstable (EF-Tu) proved to be effective in improving bacterial resistance when expressed into Solanaceae and other plant species. In this study, we tested whether EFR can affect the interaction of apple with E. amylovora by its ectopic expression in the susceptible apple rootstock M.26. Stable EFR expression led to the activation of PAMP-triggered immune response in apple leaves upon treatment with supernatant of E. amylovora, as measured by the production of reactive oxygen species and the induction of known defense genes. The amount of tissue necrosis associated with E. amylovora infection was significantly reduced in the EFR transgenic rootstock compared to the wild-type. Our results show that the expression of EFR in apple rootstock may be a valuable biotechnology strategy to improve the resistance of apple to fire blight.

scholarly journals Broad and direct interaction between TLR and Siglec families of pattern recognition receptors and its regulation by Neu1

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Yun Chen ◽  
Nicholas K Brown ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Zahra Khedri ◽  
Hai Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Immunoglobulin Superfamily ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Sialidase Inhibitor ◽  
Tlr4 Ligand ◽  
Tlr4 Activation ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Both pathogen- and tissue damage-associated molecular patterns induce inflammation through toll-like receptors (TLRs), while sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin superfamily lectin receptors (Siglecs) provide negative regulation. Here we report extensive and direct interactions between these pattern recognition receptors. The promiscuous TLR binders were human SIGLEC-5/9 and mouse Siglec-3/E/F. Mouse Siglec-G did not show appreciable binding to any TLRs tested. Correspondingly, Siglece deletion enhanced dendritic cell responses to all microbial TLR ligands tested, while Siglecg deletion did not affect the responses to these ligands. TLR4 activation triggers Neu1 translocation to cell surface to disrupt TLR4:Siglec-E interaction. Conversely, sialidase inhibitor Neu5Gc2en prevented TLR4 ligand-induced disruption of TLR4:Siglec E/F interactions. Absence of Neu1 in hematopoietic cells or systematic treatment with sialidase inhibitor Neu5Gc2en protected mice against endotoxemia. Our data raised an intriguing possibility of a broad repression of TLR function by Siglecs and a sialidase-mediated de-repression that allows positive feedback of TLR activation during infection.

scholarly journals Oxidation-Specific Epitopes Are Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns Recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors of Innate Immunity

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury I. Miller ◽  
Soo-Ho Choi ◽  
Philipp Wiesner ◽  
Longhou Fang ◽  
Richard Harkewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns

scholarly journals Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of full-length human RIG-I

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-251
Author(s):  
Jane Kwok ◽  
Kenrie P. Y. Hui ◽  
Julien Lescar ◽  
Masayo Kotaka
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Molecular Patterns

The human innate immune system can detect invasion by microbial pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors that recognize structurally conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicases (RLHs) are one of the two major families of pattern-recognition receptors that can detect viral RNA. RIG-I, belonging to the RLH family, is capable of recognizing intracellular viral RNA from RNA viruses, including influenza virus and Ebola virus. Here, full-length human RIG-I (hRIG-I) was cloned inEscherichia coliand expressed in a recombinant form with a His-SUMO tag. The protein was purified and crystallized at 291 K using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.85 Å resolution; the crystal belonged to space groupF23, with unit-cell parametersa = b=c= 216.43 Å, α = β = γ = 90°.

scholarly journals PRRDB 2.0: a comprehensive database of pattern-recognition receptors and their ligands

Database ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilraj Kaur ◽  
Sumeet Patiyal ◽  
Neelam Sharma ◽  
Salman Sadullah Usmani ◽  
Gajendra P S Raghava
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Source Type ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Abstract PRRDB 2.0 is an updated version of PRRDB that maintains comprehensive information about pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and their ligands. The current version of the database has ~2700 entries, which are nearly five times of the previous version. It contains extensive information about 467 unique PRRs and 827 pathogens-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), manually extracted from ~600 research articles. It possesses information about PRRs and PAMPs that has been extracted manually from research articles and public databases. Each entry provides comprehensive details about PRRs and PAMPs that includes their name, sequence, origin, source, type, etc. We have provided internal and external links to various databases/resources (like Swiss-Prot, PubChem) to obtain further information about PRRs and their ligands. This database also provides links to ~4500 experimentally determined structures in the protein data bank of various PRRs and their complexes. In addition, 110 PRRs with unknown structures have also been predicted, which are important in order to understand the structure–function relationship between receptors and their ligands. Numerous web-based tools have been integrated into PRRDB 2.0 to facilitate users to perform different tasks like (i) extensive searching of the database; (ii) browsing or categorization of data based on receptors, ligands, source, etc. and (iii) similarity search using BLAST and Smith–Waterman algorithm.

Inhibitory pattern recognition receptors

2021 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matevž Rumpret ◽  
Helen J. von Richthofen ◽  
Victor Peperzak ◽  
Linde Meyaard
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Inhibitory Receptors ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns are sensed by the immune system’s pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon contact with a microbe or damaged tissue. In situations such as contact with commensals or during physiological cell death, the immune system should not respond to these patterns. Hence, immune responses need to be context dependent, but it is not clear how context for molecular pattern recognition is provided. We discuss inhibitory receptors as potential counterparts to activating pattern recognition receptors. We propose a group of inhibitory pattern recognition receptors (iPRRs) that recognize endogenous and microbial patterns associated with danger, homeostasis, or both. We propose that recognition of molecular patterns by iPRRs provides context, helps mediate tolerance to microbes, and helps balance responses to danger signals.

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