scholarly journals Elevated Genetic Variation Within Virulence-Associated Botrytis cinerea Polygalacturonase Loci

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1126-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather C. Rowe ◽  
Daniel J. Kliebenstein
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Conserved Sequence ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Genetic Subdivision ◽  
Distinct Cell

Botrytis cinerea, or gray mold, is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen of hundreds of plant species. The genetic diversity of B. cinerea may contribute to its broad host range; however, the level and structure of genetic variation at pathogenesis-associated loci has not been described. B. cinerea possesses six distinct cell-wall-degrading polygalacturonases (PGs), enzymes of demonstrated importance to pathogenesis and interaction with host plant defenses. Sequencing a collection of 34 B. cinerea isolates at three PG-encoding loci, BcPG1, BcPG2, and BcPG3, revealed limited evidence of host-mediated genetic subdivision within loci, yet suggested differences in the action of evolutionary forces among loci. BcPG1 and BcPG2 are highly polymorphic, particularly when compared with previously published data from nonpathogenicity loci, whereas BcPG3 is relatively conserved. Sequence variation at BcPG1 and BcPG2 did not appear to be associated with virulence on Arabidopsis leaves; however, BcPG2 variation showed a statistically significant association with growth rate on pectin. Rather than providing evidence for host-mediated genetic subdivision at individual PG loci, our data support specialization among PGs and the potential diversification of PGs interacting directly with host defenses.

scholarly journals Population Genetics and Fungicide Resistance of Botrytis cinerea on Vitis and Prunus spp. in California

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery A. DeLong ◽  
Seiya Saito ◽  
Chang-Lin Xiao ◽  
Rachel P. Naegele
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
Vitis Sp ◽  
Prunus Spp

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, has high genetic diversity and a broad host range. In Vitis sp. and Prunus spp., B. cinerea causes pre- and postharvest diseases, and fungicides are routinely applied to prevent yield loss. In total, 535 isolates of B. cinerea collected from Vitis sp. and Prunus spp. in 2012, 2016, and 2017 were genotyped using 18 microsatellite markers and the transposable elements (TEs) Boty and Flipper. Only nine of the polymorphic markers and the two TEs were considered informative and retained for the final analyses. Of the 532 isolates, 297 were tested for resistance to seven fungicides representing six Fungicide Resistance Action Committee classes. After clone correction, 295 multilocus genotype groups were retained across the 3 years in 326 individuals, and four genetic subpopulations were detected. High levels of clonality were observed across the dataset. Significant pairwise differentiation was detected among years, locations, and TE composition. However, most of the diversity observed was within a subpopulation and not among subpopulations. No genetic differentiation was detected among resistant and sensitive isolates for individual fungicide classes. When resistance to the total number of fungicides was compared, regardless of the fungicide class, significant differentiation was detected among isolates that are resistant to two fungicide classes and those resistant to three or four fungicide groups. Fungicide resistance frequencies were stable for most chemistries evaluated with the exception of fluopyram, which increased from 2012 to 2016/2017.

scholarly journals First Report of Iprodione Resistance in Botrytis cinerea on Blackberry from South Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1481-1481
Author(s):  
F. P. Chen ◽  
X. L. Liu ◽  
X. P. Li ◽  
G. Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Paper Strip ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
First Report

Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr., is a necrotrophic fungus with a broad host range that causes gray mold on hundreds of plant species (2). Control of gray mold mainly depends on fungicides, including the dicarboxamide iprodione. Thirty-nine diseased blackberry fruit were collected from four orchards in South Carolina and the sensitivity of single-spore isolates to iprodione was examined by Spiral Plater assays (1) on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Briefly, a 5.3 cm long paper strip containing mycelia was placed along the concentration gradient of the PDA and 50% inhibition (EC50 value) was calculated after 2 days of incubation with the Spiral Gradient Endpoint (SGE) software (Spiral Biotech, Norwood, MA). Each isolate was tested in duplicates. Sensitivity ranged from 0.043 to 2.596 μg/ml, with a maximum resistance factor of 60.4. Isolates with EC50 values greater than 2 μg/ml were found in two orchards. Those isolates represented 40 and 7.1% of the total isolates from each orchard. Two isolates with high (EC50 value of 2.596 μg/ml) and low (EC50 value of 0.062 μg/ml) values were chosen to determine the efficacy of iprodione formulated product Rovral 4 Fl (Bayer CropSciences, Research Triangle Park, NC) on detached apple fruit. Fifteen apples were used for each isolate and experiment. Each fruit was wounded on the surface in three locations with a sterile syringe and inoculated with 15 μl of a spore suspension (106 conidia/ml) at the wounded sites. Rovral was applied at the recommended label rate either 24 h before (protective treatment) or 48 h after inoculation (curative treatment). The experiment was conducted three times. Blackberry fruit were not found suitable for this assay because of persistent contamination problems likely from latent infections of a symptomatic fruit. Disease incidence and lesion diameter were recorded 7 days after incubation. Disease incidence following inoculation of the sensitive and resistant isolates on non-fungicide-treated fruit was 100 and 86.7%, respectively. Disease incidence on fungicide-treated apples was 4.4% for the sensitive isolate and 75.6% for the resistant isolate with corresponding mean lesion areas of 0.36 mm and 9.37 mm, respectively. Both isolates were controlled effectively in protective treatments, however, indicating low levels of resistance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of iprodione resistance in B. cinerea from blackberry or any other field-grown crop in South Carolina. This finding adds to a study from 1999 (3) documenting resistance to the dicarboxamide fungicide vinclozolin in B. cinerea collected from ornamentals in South Carolinian greenhouses and suggests that resistance to iprodione needs to be considered in the design of gray mold control strategies in commercial blackberry orchards. No cross resistance between the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil and iprodione was found. References: (1) H. Forster et al. Phytopathology 94:163, 2004. (2) B. Williamson et al. Mol. Plant Pathol. 8:561. 2007. (3) L. F. Yourman and S. N. Jeffers. Plant Dis. 83:569, 1999.

scholarly journals Genomic prediction of strawberry resistance to postharvest fruit decay caused by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Petrasch ◽  
Saskia D Mesquida-Pesci ◽  
Dominique D A Pincot ◽  
Mitchell J Feldmann ◽  
Cindy M López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Genomic Prediction ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Soluble Solid Content ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability

Abstract Gray mold, a disease of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) caused by the ubiquitous necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, renders fruit unmarketable and causes economic losses in the postharvest supply chain. To explore the feasibility of selecting for increased resistance to gray mold, we undertook genetic and genomic prediction studies in strawberry populations segregating for fruit quality and shelf life traits hypothesized to pleiotropically affect susceptibility. As predicted, resistance to gray mold was heritable but quantitative and genetically complex. While every individual was susceptible, the speed of symptom progression and severity differed. Narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.38 to 0.71 for lesion diameter (LD) and 0.39 to 0.44 for speed of emergence of external mycelium (EM). Even though significant additive genetic variation was observed for LD and EM, the phenotypic ranges were comparatively narrow and genome-wide analyses did not identify any large-effect loci. Genomic selection (GS) accuracy ranged from 0.28 to 0.59 for LD and 0.37 to 0.47 for EM. Additive genetic correlations between fruit quality and gray mold resistance traits were consistent with prevailing hypotheses: LD decreased as titratable acidity increased, whereas EM increased as soluble solid content decreased and firmness increased. We concluded that phenotypic and GS could be effective for reducing LD and increasing EM, especially in long shelf life populations, but that a significant fraction of the genetic variation for resistance to gray mold was caused by the pleiotropic effects of fruit quality traits that differ among market and shelf life classes.

scholarly journals Genomic Prediction of Strawberry Resistance to Postharvest Fruit Decay Caused by the Fungal Pathogen Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Knapp ◽  
Barbara Blanco-Ulate ◽  
Mitchell J. Feldmann ◽  
Dominique D. A. Pincot ◽  
Glenn S. Cole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Genomic Prediction ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Soluble Solid Content

Gray mold, a disease of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) caused by the ubiquitous necrotroph Botrytis cinerea, renders fruit unmarketable and causes economic losses in the postharvest supply chain. To explore the feasibility of selecting for increased resistance to gray mold, we undertook genetic and genomic prediction studies in strawberry populations segregating for fruit quality and shelf life traits hypothesized to pleiotropically affect susceptibility. As predicted, resistance to gray mold was heritable but quantitative and genetically complex. While every individual was susceptible, the speed of symptom progression and severity differed. Narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.38-0.71 for lesion diameter (LD) and 0.39-0.44 for speed of emergence of external mycelium (EM). Even though significant additive genetic variation was observed for LD and EM, the phenotypic ranges were comparatively narrow and genome-wide analyses did not identify any large effect loci. Genomic selection accuracy ranged from 0.28-0.59 for LD and 0.37-0.47 for EM. Additive genetic correlations between fruit quality and gray mold resistance traits were consistent with prevailing hypotheses: LD decreased as titratable acidity increased, whereas EM increased as soluble solid content decreased and firmness increased. We concluded that phenotypic and genomic selection could be effective for reducing LD and increasing EM, especially in long shelf life populations, but that a significant fraction of the genetic variation for resistance to gray mold was caused by the pleiotropic effects of fruit quality traits that differ among market and shelf life classes.

scholarly journals The Autophagy Gene BcATG8 Regulates the Vegetative Differentiation and Pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weichao Ren ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Chengwei Sang ◽  
Dongya Shi ◽  
Mingguo Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Autophagy Gene ◽  
Mold Fungus

ABSTRACT Autophagy is a conserved degradation process that maintains intracellular homeostasis to ensure normal cell differentiation and development in eukaryotes. ATG8 is one of the key molecular components of the autophagy pathway. In this study, we identified and characterized BcATG8 , a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) ATG8 in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea . Yeast complementation experiments demonstrated that BcATG8 can functionally complement the defects of the yeast ATG8 null mutant. Direct physical interaction between BcAtg8 and BcAtg4 was detected in the yeast two-hybrid system. Subcellular localization assays showed that green fluorescent protein-tagged BcAtg8 (GFP-BcAtg8) localized in the cytoplasm as preautophagosomal structures (PAS) under general conditions but mainly accumulated in the lumen of vacuoles in the case of autophagy induction. Deletion of BcATG8 (Δ BcAtg8 mutant) blocked autophagy and significantly impaired mycelial growth, conidiation, sclerotial formation, and virulence. In addition, the conidia of the Δ BcAtg8 mutant contained fewer lipid droplets (LDs), and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays revealed that the basal expression levels of the LD metabolism-related genes in the mutant were significantly different from those in the wild-type (WT) strain. All of these phenotypic defects were restored by gene complementation. These results indicate that BcATG8 is essential for autophagy to regulate fungal development, pathogenesis, and lipid metabolism in B. cinerea . IMPORTANCE The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea is an economically important plant pathogen with a broad host range. Although there are fungicides for its control, many classes of fungicides have failed due to its genetic plasticity. Exploring the fundamental biology of B. cinerea can provide the theoretical basis for sustainable and long-term disease management. Autophagy is an intracellular process for degradation and recycling of cytosolic materials in eukaryotes and is now known to be vital for fungal life. Here, we report studies of the biological role of the autophagy gene BcATG8 in B. cinerea . The results suggest that autophagy plays a crucial role in vegetative differentiation and virulence of B. cinerea .

scholarly journals Cyclophilin BcCyp2 Regulates Infection-Related Development to Facilitate Virulence of the Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1694
Author(s):  
Jiao Sun ◽  
Chen-Hao Sun ◽  
Hao-Wu Chang ◽  
Song Yang ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Histone 3 ◽  
Mold Fungus ◽  
Related Development ◽  
Hyphal Morphology ◽  
Cellular Components

Cyclophilin (Cyp) and Ca2+/calcineurin proteins are cellular components related to fungal morphogenesis and virulence; however, their roles in mediating the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold on over 1000 plant species, remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that disruption of cyclophilin gene BcCYP2 did not impair the pathogen mycelial growth, osmotic and oxidative stress adaptation as well as cell wall integrity, but delayed conidial germination and germling development, altered conidial and sclerotial morphology, reduced infection cushion (IC) formation, sclerotial production and virulence. Exogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) rescued the deficiency of IC formation of the ∆Bccyp2 mutants, and exogenous cyclosporine A (CsA), an inhibitor targeting cyclophilins, altered hyphal morphology and prevented host-cell penetration in the BcCYP2 harboring strains. Moreover, calcineurin-dependent (CND) genes are differentially expressed in strains losing BcCYP2 in the presence of CsA, suggesting that BcCyp2 functions in the upstream of cAMP- and Ca2+/calcineurin-dependent signaling pathways. Interestingly, during IC formation, expression of BcCYP2 is downregulated in a mutant losing BcJAR1, a gene encoding histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylase that regulates fungal development and pathogenesis, in B. cinerea, implying that BcCyp2 functions under the control of BcJar1. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into cyclophilins mediating the pathogenesis of B. cinerea and potential targets for drug intervention for fungal diseases.

scholarly journals Characterization of Postharvest Fungicide-Resistant Botrytis cinerea Isolates From Commercially Stored Apple Fruit

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Otilia Macarisin ◽  
Verneta L. Gaskins ◽  
Eunhee Park ◽  
Jiujiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Sublethal Dose ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Pose Control ◽  
First Time

Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold and is an economically important postharvest pathogen of fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. Fludioxonil-sensitive B. cinerea isolates were collected in 2011 and 2013 from commercial storage in Pennsylvania. Eight isolates had values for effective concentrations for inhibiting 50% of mycelial growth of 0.0004 to 0.0038 μg/ml for fludioxonil and were dual resistant to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole. Resistance was generated in vitro, following exposure to a sublethal dose of fludioxonil, in seven of eight dual-resistant B. cinerea isolates. Three vigorously growing B. cinerea isolates with multiresistance to postharvest fungicides were further characterized and found to be osmosensitive and retained resistance in the absence of selection pressure. A representative multiresistant B. cinerea strain caused decay on apple fruit treated with postharvest fungicides, which confirmed the in vitro results. The R632I mutation in the Mrr1 gene, associated with fludioxonil resistance in B. cinerea, was not detected in multipostharvest fungicide-resistant B. cinerea isolates, suggesting that the fungus may be using additional mechanisms to mediate resistance. Results from this study show for the first time that B. cinerea with dual resistance to pyrimethanil and thiabendazole can also rapidly develop resistance to fludioxonil, which may pose control challenges in the packinghouse environment and during long-term storage.

The potential biocontrol agent Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 produces fusaricidin-type compounds involved in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuen-Huang Tsai ◽  
Yu-Ting Chen ◽  
Yu-Liang Yang ◽  
Bo-Yi Lee ◽  
Chien-Jui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
New Variant

Paenibacillus polymyxa is a beneficial bacterium for plant health. Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 exhibits antagonistic activity toward Botrytis cinerea and alleviates gray mold symptoms on the leaves of strawberry plants. Moreover, suppression of gray mold on the flowers and fruits of strawberry plants in field trials, including vegetative cells and endospores, was demonstrated, indicating the potential of strain TP3 as a biological control agent. To examine the anti-B. cinerea compounds produced by P. polymyxa TP3, matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was performed and fusaricidin-corresponding mass spectra were detected. Moreover, fusaricidin-related signals appeared in imaging mass spectrometry of TP3 when confronted with B. cinerea. By using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based molecular networking approach, several fusaricidins were identified including a new variant of m/z 917.5455 with serine in the first position of the hexapeptide. Via advanced mass spectrometry and network analysis, fusaricidin-type compounds produced by P. polymyxa TP3 were efficiently disclosed and were presumed to play roles in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen B. cinerea.

Gray mold of yacon and sunflower caused by Botrytis cinerea

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Tomioka ◽  
Toyozo Sato
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold
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