Identification and Characterization of Citrus Chlorotic Spot Virus, a New Dichorhavirus Associated with Citrus Leprosis-Like Symptoms

Local chlorotic spots resembling early lesions characteristic of citrus leprosis (CL) were observed in leaves of two sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) trees in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil, in early 2017. However, despite the similarities, these spots were generally larger than those of a typical CL and showed rare or no necrosis symptoms. In symptomatic tissues, transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of viroplasms in the nuclei of the infected parenchymal cells and rod-shaped particles with an average size of approximately 40 × 100 nm, resembling those typically observed during infection by dichorhaviruses. A bipartite genome of the putative novel virus, tentatively named citrus chlorotic spot virus (CiCSV) (RNA1 = 6,518 nucleotides [nt] and RNA2 = 5,987 nt), revealed the highest nucleotide sequence identity values with the dichorhaviruses coffee ringspot virus strain Lavras (73.8%), citrus leprosis virus N strain Ibi1 (58.6%), and orchid fleck virus strain So (56.9%). In addition to citrus, CiCSV was also found in local chlorotic lesions on leaves of the ornamental plant beach hibiscus (Talipariti tiliaceum (L.) Fryxell). Morphological characterization of mites recovered from the infected plants revealed at least two different types of Brevipalpus. One of them corresponds to Brevipalpus yothersi. The other is slightly different from B. yothersi mites but comprises traits that possibly place it as another species. A mix of the two mite types collected on beach hibiscus successfully transmitted CiCSV to arabidopsis plants but additional work is required to verify whether both types of flat mite may act as viral vectors. The current study reveals a newly described dichorhavirus associated with a citrus disease in the northeastern region of Brazil.

Download Full-text

Microscopic Image Segmentation and Morphological Characterization of Novel Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle/Nisin Films Using Antimicrobial Technique for Blueberry Preservation

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11050303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 303

Author(s):

Rokayya Sami ◽

Schahrazad Soltane ◽

Mahmoud Helal

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Silica Nanoparticle ◽

Morphological Characterization ◽

Aerobic Bacteria ◽

Nano Materials ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Stable Suspension ◽

Average Size ◽

Material Ductility

In the current work, the characterization of novel chitosan/silica nanoparticle/nisin films with the addition of nisin as an antimicrobial technique for blueberry preservation during storage is investigated. Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle/N (CH-SN-N) films presented a stable suspension as the surface loads (45.9 mV) and the distribution was considered broad (0.62). The result shows that the pH value was increased gradually with the addition of nisin to 4.12, while the turbidity was the highest at 0.39. The content of the insoluble matter and contact angle were the highest for the Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle (CH-SN) film at 5.68%. The use of nano-materials in chitosan films decreased the material ductility, reduced the tensile strength and elongation-at-break of the membrane. The coated blueberries with Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle/N films reported the lowest microbial contamination counts at 2.82 log CFU/g followed by Chitosan/Silica Nanoparticle at 3.73 and 3.58 log CFU/g for the aerobic bacteria, molds, and yeasts population, respectively. It was observed that (CH) film extracted 94 regions with an average size of 449.10, at the same time (CH-SN) film extracted 169 regions with an average size of 130.53. The (CH-SN-N) film presented the best result at 5.19%. It could be observed that the size of the total region of the fruit for the (CH) case was the smallest (1663 pixels), which implied that the fruit lost moisture content. As a conclusion, (CH-SN-N) film is recommended for blueberry preservation to prolong the shelf-life during storage.

Download Full-text

Transcellular transport of polymeric IgA in the rat hepatocyte: biochemical and morphological characterization of the transport pathway.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.101.6.2113 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 101 (6) ◽

pp. 2113-2123 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

C A Hoppe ◽

T P Connolly ◽

A L Hubbard

Keyword(s):

Morphological Characterization ◽

Intact Protein ◽

Transport Pathway ◽

Transcellular Transport ◽

Peroxidase Cytochemistry ◽

Parenchymal Cells ◽

Intracellular Pathway ◽

Mouse Myeloma

Polymeric IgA (pIgA) is transported by liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) from blood to bile via a receptor-mediated process. We have studied the intracellular pathway taken by a TEPC15 mouse myeloma pIgA. When from 1 microgram to 1 mg 125I-pIgA was injected into the saphenous vein of a rat, 36% was transported as intact protein into the bile over a 3-h period. The concentration of transported 125I-pIgA was maximal in bile 30-60 min after injection, and approximately 80% of the total 125I-pIgA ultimately transported had been secreted into bile by 90 min. A horseradish peroxidase-pIgA conjugate (125I-pIgA-HRP) was transported to a similar extent and with kinetics similar to that of unconjugated 125I-pIgA and was therefore used to visualize the transport pathway. Peroxidase cytochemistry of livers fixed in situ 2.5 to 10 min after 125I-pIgA-HRP injection demonstrated a progressive redistribution of labeled structures from the sinusoidal area to intermediate and bile canalicular regions of the hepatocyte cytoplasm. Although conjugate-containing structures began accumulating in the bile canalicular region at these early times, no conjugate was present in bile until 20 min. From 7.5 to 45 min after injection approximately 30% of the labeled structures were in regions that contained Golgi complexes and lysosomes; however, we found no evidence that either organelle contained 125I-pIgA-HRP. At least 85% of all positive structures in the hepatocyte were vesicles of 110-160-nm median diameters, with the remaining structures accounted for by tubules and multivesicular bodies. Vesicles in the bile canalicular region tended to be larger than those in the sinusoidal region. Serial sectioning showed that the 125I-pIgA-HRP-containing structures were relatively simple (predominantly vesicular) and that extensive interconnections did not exist between structures in the sinusoidal and bile canalicular regions.

Download Full-text

Common Bean: Experimental Indicator Plant for Citrus leprosis virus C and Some Other Cytoplasmic-Type Brevipalpus-Transmitted Viruses

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-12-1143-re ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (10) ◽

pp. 1346-1351 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

L. C. Garita ◽

A. D. Tassi ◽

R. F. Calegario ◽

E. W. Kitajima ◽

S. A. M. Carbonell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Bean ◽

Standard Test ◽

Ringspot Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Spot Virus ◽

Chlorotic Spot ◽

Green Spot ◽

Citrus Leprosis ◽

Cytoplasmic Type ◽

Virus C

Citrus leprosis (CL) caused by Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C) is present in Latin America from Mexico to Argentina, where citrus plants are grown. CiLV-C is transmitted by the tenuipalpid mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis, causing localized lesions on citrus leaves, fruit, and stems. One limitation to study of the virus–vector–host relationship in this pathosystem is the lack of a suitable assay plant. On Citrus spp. used as susceptible hosts, symptoms may take weeks or months to appear after experimental inoculation by viruliferous mites. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was found to respond with localized necrotic lesions after inoculation with viruliferous B. phoenicis in 5 days. Thus far, 113 tested common bean varieties and lines and some recent accessions of varied genetic background behaved in a similar way. Black bean ‘IAC Una’ was adopted as a standard test variety. When inoculated leaves were left at 28 to 30°C, the period for the lesion appearance was reduced to only 2 days. Confirmation that the lesions on common bean leaves are caused by CiLV-C were made by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction specific for CiLV-C. Common bean plants mite-inoculated with some other cytoplasmic-type Brevipalpus-transmitted viruses (BrTVs) (Passion fruit green spot virus, Solanum violaefolium ringspot virus, Ligustrum ringspot virus, and Hibiscus green spot virus) also responded with necrotic local lesions and may serve as test plants for these viruses. Two nuclear types of BrTV (Coffee ringspot virus and Clerodendrum chlorotic spot virus) were unable to produce symptoms on common bean.

Download Full-text

Anatomia de lesões foliares causadas pelo vírus da Mancha Clorótica do Clerodendrum, transmitido pelo ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis em diferentes espécies

Summa Phytopathologica ◽

10.1590/s0100-54052010000400003 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 291-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Renata Takassugui Gomes ◽

Elliot Watanabe Kitajima ◽

Francisco André Osamu Tanaka ◽

João Paulo Rodrigues Marques ◽

Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória

Keyword(s):

Ringspot Virus ◽

Annona Muricata ◽

Spot Virus ◽

Orchid Fleck Virus ◽

Chlorotic Spot ◽

Brevipalpus Phoenicis ◽

Citrus Leprosis

O gênero botânico Clerodendrum pertence à família Lamiaceae e compreende várias espécies ornamentais, Manchas cloróticas e necróticas em folhas de coração-sangrento foram observadas pela primeira vez em um jardim de Piracicaba, SP, associadas à infestação com Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). Exames de secções de tecidos das lesões foliares ao microscópio eletrônico revelaram ocorrência de efeitos citopáticos do tipo nuclear e concluiu-se que os sintomas eram causados por um vírus transmitido por Brevipalpus (VTB), o qual foi designado de mancha clorótica de Clerodendrum (Clerodendrum Chlorotic Spot Virus- ClCSV). O ClCSV é transmitido mecanicamente de coração-sangrento para coração-sangrento. Em ensaios preliminares foi transmitido por B. phoenicis e mecanicamente para várias outras plantas, além da ocorrência de sua disseminação natural por este ácaro para outras espécies. Visando complementar a caracterização do ClCSV foram feitos estudos sobre alterações anatômicas em folhas de plantas infectadas pelo ClCSV. Foram examinadas secções histológicas de folhas sadias e infectadas pelo ClCSV de C. x speciosum e de outras hospedeiras como Hibiscus schizopetalus, Salvia leucantha, Malvaviscus arboreus e Annona muricata. Constatou-se que o ClCSV causa alterações celulares semelhantes nas diferentes hospedeiras e os sintomas causados por este vírus são similares aos causados por outros vírus transmitidos por Brevipalpus como o vírus da leprose dos citros citoplasmático (Citrus Lepros Virus Cytoplasmic- CiLV-C) e nuclear (Citrus Leprosis Virus Nuclear- CiLV-N), mancha anular do cafeeiro (Coffee Ringspot Virus- CoRSV), mancha anular de Solanum violaefolium (Solanum violaefolium Ringspot Virus- SvRSV) e "Orchid Fleck Vírus" (OFV), representadas por hipertrofia e hiperplasia frequentemente acompanhadas de necrose nos tecidos do parênquima paliçádico e lacunoso.

Download Full-text

Molecular Characterization of Sorghum Chlorotic Spot Virus, a Proposed Furovirus

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-69-9-2335 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 69 (9) ◽

pp. 2335-2345 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

T. L. Kendall ◽

W. G. Langenberg ◽

S. A. Lommel

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Spot Virus ◽

Chlorotic Spot

Download Full-text

Genomic characterization of Calla lily chlorotic spot virus and design of broad-spectrum primers for detection of tospoviruses

Plant Pathology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02484.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 183-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

T.-C. Chen ◽

J.-T. Li ◽

Y.-P. Lin ◽

Y.-C. Yeh ◽

Y.-C. Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broad Spectrum ◽

Spot Virus ◽

Chlorotic Spot ◽

Calla Lily ◽

Genomic Characterization

Download Full-text

Controlled size and high stability SiO2@ZnO QD’s with high green emission obtained by a simple colloidal route

10.3762/bxiv.2019.32.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rene Perez Cuapio ◽

Jose Alberto A G Alvarado Garcia ◽

Mauricio Pacio Castillo ◽

Antonio Arce Plaza ◽

Carlos Bueno Avendaño ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantum Dots ◽

Green Emission ◽

Morphological Characterization ◽

The Core ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Uv Lamp ◽

Size And Morphology ◽

The Stability ◽

Average Size

In this work the synthesis of visible ZnO quantum dots (QDs) functionalized/stabilized with oleic acid and core-shelled with SiO2 is presented. A colloidal route was followed to synthesize ZnO QDs with 5 nm average size. Several characterizations were done to identify and assure the core, the stabilization, grain size and QDs emission characteristics. Techniques like FT-IR, XRD, TEM, SEM, UV-Vis, PL and an UV lamp were used to test composition, structural, morphological and emission of the as obtained quantum dots. After the structural and morphological characterization of the particles, they were functionalized with (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS). It was observed that the size and morphology are unchanged but the stability depends directly on the APTMS oversaturation which is due to the formation of a thick SiO2 layer. From the PL characterization results it was noticed that the strong green emission is related to the APTMS content and directly related to the shell formation, this emission decreases as the core-shell thickness increases.

Download Full-text

Biological and Molecular Characterization of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus Causing Chlorotic Leaf Spot on Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) in Taiwan

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.7.1073 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (7) ◽

pp. 1073-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhong-Bin Wu ◽

Hsin-Mei Ku ◽

Yuh-Kun Chen ◽

Chung-Jan Chang ◽

Fuh-Jyh Jan

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽

Spot Virus ◽

Chlorotic Spot ◽

Cp Gene ◽

Chlorotic Leaf

Pear plants (Pyrus pyrifolia var. Hengshen) showing symptoms of chlorotic spots on leaves were observed in orchards in central Taiwan in 2004. The sap of diseased leaves reacted positively to Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) antiserum. A purified virus isolate (LTS1) from pear was characterized by host range, electron microscopy, phylogenetic analyses, serological property, and back-inoculation experiments to pear. Fifteen of 28 species of tested plants were susceptible to this virus after mechanical inoculation. Pathogenicity of ACLSV isolate LTS1 was verified by back-inoculating to pear seedlings. Filamentous virions of ≈12 × 750 nm were observed in the preparations of purified virus. Virus particles accumulated in the cytoplasm were observed in the ultrathin sections of LTS1-infected pear leaf tissue. Sequence analyses of the coat protein (CP) gene of LTS1 and the CP gene of LTS2, which originated from a distinct symptomatic pear sample, shared 81.4% to 92.6% nucleotide and 87.6% to 98.4% amino acid identities with those of the CP of 35 ACLSV isolates available in GenBank. ACLSV isolates were grouped into four clusters, i.e., Asia I, II, III, and Europe, and isolates LTS1 and LTS2 were classified as members of cluster Asia II and Asia I, respectively, based on phylogenetic data. Moreover, the variability of amino acid sequences of the CP gene of 37 ACLSV isolates showed geographically associated clustering in the phylogenetic tree. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the characterization of ACLSV causing the leaf chlorotic spot disease of pear in Taiwan. This study also provides the phylogenetic relationships among ACLSV populations based on amino acid sequences of CPs, which are correlated with their geographic origins.

Download Full-text