Sensitivity and Resistance Risk Assessment of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici to Triadimefon in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gangming Zhan ◽  
Fan Ji ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
Aihong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutation ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Maximal Effect ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Wide Range

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease of wheat that seriously threatens production safety in wheat-producing areas worldwide. In China, the disease has been largely controlled with fungicide triadimefon. Although high levels of fungicide resistance in other fungal pathogens have been reported, failure to control Pst with any fungicides has seldomly been reported and fungicide sensitivity of Pst has not been evaluated in China. The distribution of triadimefon-resistant Pst isolates was investigated in the present study. The baseline sensitivity of 446 Pst isolates across the country to triadimefon was determined, and the concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) showed a unimodal distribution curve, with a mean value of 0.19 μg mL-1. The results indicated a wide range of sensitivity to triadimefon, with more insensitive isolates collected from Pst winter-increasing areas and northwest over-summering areas, whereas more sensitive isolates were collected from southwest over-summering areas and epidemic areas of Xinjiang and Tibet. The majority of the tested Pst isolates were sensitive to triadimefon; only 6.79% had developed varying degrees of resistance. Characterization of parasitic fitness revealed that the triadimefon-resistant isolates exhibited strong adaptive traits in urediniospore germination rate, latent period, sporulation intensity, and lesion expansion rate. Positive cross-resistance was observed between triadimefon and tebuconazole or hexaconazole, but not between pyraclostrobin or flubeneteram. The point mutation Y134F in the 14α-demethylase enzyme (CYP51) was detected in triadimefon-resistant isolates. A molecular method (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR) was established for the rapid detection of Y134F mutants in the Pst population. Two genotypes with one point mutation Y134F conferred resistance to triadimefon in Pst. The risk of resistance to triadimefon in Pst may be low to moderate. This study provided important data for establishment of high throughput molecular detection methods, fungicide resistance risk management, and the development of new target fungicides.

scholarly journals Point Mutations in the β-Tubulin of Phytophthora sojae Confer Resistance to Ethaboxam

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2096-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Peng ◽  
Zhiwen Wang ◽  
Yuan Fang ◽  
Weizhen Wang ◽  
Xingkai Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Resistant Mutants ◽  
Β Tubulin

Ethaboxam is a β-tubulin inhibitor registered for the control of oomycete pathogens. The current study was established to determine the ethaboxam sensitivity of the plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae and investigate the potential for the emergence of fungicide resistance. The effective concentration for 50% inhibition (EC50) of 112 Phytophthora sojae isolates exhibited a unimodal distribution with a mean EC50 for ethaboxam of 0.033 µg/ml. Establishing this baseline sensitivity provided critical data for monitoring changes in ethaboxam-sensitivity in field populations. The potential for fungicide resistance was investigated using adaptation on ethaboxam-amended V8 agar, which resulted in the isolation of 20 resistant mutants. An assessment of the biological characteristics of the mutants including mycelial growth, sporulation, germination rate and pathogenicity indicated that the resistance risk in Phytophthora sojae was low to medium with no cross-resistance between ethaboxam and cymoxanil, metalaxyl, flumorph, and oxathiapiprolin being detected. However, positive cross-resistance was found between ethaboxam and zoxamide for Q8L and I258V but negative cross-resistance for C165Y. Further investigation revealed that the ethaboxam-resistant mutants had point mutations at amino acids Q8L, C165Y, or I258V of their β-tubulin protein sequences. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated transformation experiments confirmed that the Q8L, C165Y, or I258V mutations could confer ethaboxam resistance in Phytophthora sojae and that the C165Y mutation induces high levels of resistance. Taken together, the results of the study provide essential data for monitoring the emergence of resistance and resistance management strategies for ethaboxam, as well as for improving the design of novel β-tubulin inhibitors for future development.

scholarly journals Baseline Sensitivity and Cross-Resistance to Succinate-Dehydrogenase-Inhibiting and Demethylation-Inhibiting Fungicides in Didymella bryoniae

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 979-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thomas ◽  
D. B. Langston ◽  
K. L. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Didymella Bryoniae ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Positive Correlations

Didymella bryoniae, which causes gummy stem blight (GSB) of watermelon, has a history of developing resistance to fungicides, most recently the succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibiting (SDHI) fungicide boscalid. To facilitate fungicide resistance monitoring, baseline sensitivity distributions were established for demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides tebuconazole and difenoconazole and the SDHI fungicide penthiopyrad, and reestablished for the SDHI fungicide boscalid. In all, 71 isolates with no known prior exposure to SDHIs or DMIs were used to determine the effective concentration at which mycelial growth was inhibited by 50% (EC50). EC50 values for boscalid, penthiopyrad, tebuconazole, and difenoconazole were 0.018 to 0.064, 0.015 to 0.057, 0.062 to 0.385, and 0.018 to 0.048 μg/ml, with median values of 0.032, 0.026, 0.118, and 0.031 μg/ml, respectively. Significant positive correlations between the sensitivity to penthiopyrad and boscalid (P < 0.0001, r = 0.75) and between tebuconazole and difenoconazole (P < 0.0001, r = 0.59) indicate a potential for cross-resistance between chemically related fungicides. In 2009, 103 isolates from fungicidetreated watermelon fields were tested for sensitivity to boscalid and penthiopyrad using a discriminatory concentration of 3.0 μg/ml. Of the isolates tested, 82 were insensitive and 14 were sensitive to both fungicides. Because of the significant potential for cross-resistance between closely related fungicides, growers will be advised not to use both SDHIs or both DMIs successively in the same fungicide spray program.

scholarly journals Resistance to Pyraclostrobin and Boscalid in Populations of Botrytis cinerea from Stored Apples in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Kim ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major postharvest disease of apple. Pristine, a formulated mixture of pyraclostrobin and boscalid, was recently registered for use on apple. Pristine applied within 2 weeks before harvest is effective in controlling gray mold in stored apple fruit. To determine the baseline sensitivity of B. cinerea populations to these fungicides, 40 isolates from organic and 80 from conventional apple orchards where Pristine had not been used were tested for mycelial growth or conidial germination on fungicide-amended media. To monitor fungicide resistance, gray-mold-decayed apple fruit originating from orchards in which Pristine had been used were sampled from a fruit packinghouse. Isolates of B. cinerea recovered from the fruit were tested for resistance to the two fungicides. In the in vivo study in the orchards, Pristine was applied to fruit 1 day before harvest. Fruit were then harvested, wounded, and inoculated with isolates exhibiting different fungicide-resistance phenotypes. Fruit were stored at 0°C for 8 weeks for decay development. The effective concentration that inhibits mycelial growth by 50% relative to the control (EC50) values for sensitive isolates ranged from 0.008 to 0.132 μg/ml (mean = 0.043, n = 116) for pyraclostrobin and from 0.003 to 0.183 μg/ml (mean = 0.075, n = 117) for Pristine in a mycelial growth assay on potato dextrose agar. The EC50 values of boscalid for sensitive isolates ranged from 0.065 to 1.538 μg/ml (mean = 0.631, n = 29) in a conidial germination assay on water agar. Four isolates were resistant to pyraclostrobin, with resistance factors (RFs) ranging from 12 to 4,193. Of the four pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates, one also was resistant to boscalid (RF = 14) and Pristine (RF = 373), and two exhibited reduced sensitivity to Pristine (RF = 16 and 17). The minimum inhibitory concentration for conidial germination (for boscalid) or mycelial growth (for pyraclostrobin and Pristine) of sensitive isolates was 5 μg/ml, which is thus recommended as a discriminatory concentration for phenotyping isolates for resistance to these fungicides. Of the 56 isolates obtained from decayed apple fruit that had been exposed to Pristine, 11 (approximately 20%) were resistant to both pyraclostrobin and boscalid and 1 was resistant only to pyraclostrobin. Of the additional 43 isolates obtained from decayed apple fruit originating from an organic orchard, 3 were resistant only to pyraclostrobin, 2 were resistant only to boscalid, and 2 were resistant to both fungicides. It appeared that there was no cross resistance between pyraclostrobin and boscalid because of the existence of isolates resistant only to either pyraclostrobin or boscalid. Pristine applied at label rate in the orchard failed to control gray mold on apple fruit inoculated with the Pristine-resistant isolates. This is the first report of multiple resistance to pyraclostrobin, boscalid, and Pristine in field populations of B. cinerea. Our results suggest that the development of dual resistance to pyraclostrobin and boscalid in B. cinerea populations could result in the failure to control gray mold with Pristine.

scholarly journals Baseline Sensitivity and Resistance-Risk Assessment of Phytophthora capsici to Iprovalicarb

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 1162-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Hong Lu ◽  
Shu Sheng Zhu ◽  
Yang Bi ◽  
Xi Li Liu ◽  
Jianjun J. Hao
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Acid Amide ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Zoospore Production ◽  
Caa Fungicides ◽  
Growth Characters

Iprovalicarb has been used to control Phytophthora capsici, a devastating pathogen of many economically important crops. To evaluate the risk of fungicide resistance, 158 isolates of P. capsici were examined for sensitivity to iprovalicarb by measuring mycelial growth. Values of effective concentrations for 50% mycelial growth inhibition varied from 0.2042 to 0.5540 μg/ml and averaged 0.3923 (±0.0552) μg/ml, with a unimodal distribution. This is the first report of P. capsici isolates highly resistant to iprovalicarb (resistance factor >100). Resistance of the isolates was stable through 10 transfers on iprovalicarb-free medium, and most resistant isolates had the same level of fitness (mycelial growth, zoospore production, and virulence) as their corresponding parents, indicating that iprovalicarb resistance was independent from other general growth characters. There was cross-resistance among all tested carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides, including iprovalicarb, flumorph, dimethomorph, and mandipropamid, but not with non-CAA fungicides, including azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, cymoxanil, etridiazole, metalaxyl, and zoxamide. Based on the present results, resistance risk of P. capsici to CAAs could be moderate and resistance management should be considered.

Difenoconazole Resistance Shift in Botrytis cinerea From Tomato in China Associated With Inducible Expression of CYP51

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. PDIS-03-20-0508
Author(s):  
Can Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Lu Xiao ◽  
Zhihong Hu ◽  
Guixiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nonnormal Distribution

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important diseases in tomato. It can be controlled effectively by demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, but their resistance status after long-term use in the field is unclear. The baseline sensitivity to difenoconazole of 142 B. cinerea isolates from China with no history of DMI usage was characterized, with a mean effective concentration for 50% mycelial growth inhibition (EC50) of 0.97 ± 0.50 μg/ml. EC50 values for difenoconazole sensitivity of another 248 isolates collected in 2011 and 2016 ranged from 0.04 to 11.99 μg/ml, and the frequency of difenoconazole sensitivity formed a nonnormal distribution curve. Detached fruit studies revealed that isolates with EC50 values of approximately 6.00 μg/ml were not controlled effectively. The mean EC50 of the resistant isolates changed from 6.74 to 8.65 μg/ml between 2011 and 2016. Positive cross-resistance was only observed between difenoconazole and two DMIs. One dual resistant isolate and one triple resistant isolate were found among the difenoconazole-resistant isolates collected in 2016, associated with point mutations in corresponding target proteins of the fungicides azoxystrobin and fludioxonil. This indicated that B. cinerea not only showed higher difenoconazole resistance levels but gradually changed from single to multiple fungicide resistance over time. No amino acid variation was found in the CYP51 protein. In the absence of difenoconazole, the relative expression of CYP51 was not significantly different in sensitive and resistant isolates. Induced expression of CYP51 is an important determinant of DMI resistance in B. cinerea from tomato. However, nucleotide variants found in the upstream region had no association with the fungicide resistance phenotype. These results will be helpful for the management of B. cinerea in the field.

scholarly journals Wild Type Sensitivity and Mutation Analysis for Resistance Risk to Fluopicolide in Phytophthora capsici

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1535-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Hong Lu ◽  
Mary K. Hausbeck ◽  
Xi Li Liu ◽  
Jianjun J. Hao
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Crown Root ◽  
Zoospore Production ◽  
Resistant Mutants

Crown, root, and fruit rot caused by Phytophthora capsici is an increasing problem for vegetable growers in Michigan and the United States. The newly registered fungicide fluopicolide is effective to limit crop loss but the potential for P. capsici to develop resistance is not well known. A laboratory study assessed the risk of P. capsici developing resistance to fluopicolide. Baseline sensitivity to fluopicolide was determined using 126 P. capsici Michigan isolates. Values of effective concentrations for 50% inhibition of mycelial growth ranged from 0.08 to 0.24 μg/ml and were distributed as a unimodal curve, indicating that all isolates were sensitive to fluopicolide. Mutants resistant to fluopicolide were obtained from five isolates by screening zoospores on fluopicolide-amended (5 μg/ml) media at a mutation frequency above 1.0 × 10–7. The mutant isolates were clustered with either intermediate (resistance factor [RF] = 3.53 to 77.91) or high (RF = 2481.40 to 7034.79) resistance. Resistance was stable through 10 mycelial transfers on fungicide-free medium. All resistant mutants showed similar fitness in zoospore production, cyst germination, and virulence compared with their sensitive parents, with few exceptions. No cross-resistance was detected between fluopicolide and five other fungicides. There could be a moderately high risk of field populations of P. capsici developing resistance to fluopicolide, and populations should be monitored.

scholarly journals Baseline sensitivity and resistance risk assessment of Valsa mali to pyraclostrobin

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Feng ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Zhaoyang Liu ◽  
Jianqiang Miao ◽  
Mingxia Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Quinone Outside Inhibitor ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Valsa Mali

Abstract Pyraclostrobin, a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide, has been registered to control apple tree Valsa canker (AVC) caused by Valsa mali in China. However, there is no data available regarding the resistance risk of V. mali to pyraclostrobin. In this study, the sensitivities of 120 V. mali isolates to pyraclostrobin were detected. The isolates were collected from apple orchards with no application of pyraclostrob at six provinces in China during 2013–2015, and showed similar sensitivity to pyraclostrobin. The EC50 values of these 120 V. mali isolates to pyraclostrobin ranged from 0.0014 to 0.0240 μg/mL, indicating an excellent inhibitory efficacy of pyraclostrobin to the pathogen. The EC50 values were distributed as a unimodal curve with a mean value of 0.0091 μg/mL, and the mean EC50 displayed correlation with geographic location. Meanwhile, three pyraclostrobin-resistant mutants (PR mutants) of V. mali were obtained using fungicide adaption method, with a resistance factor (RF) of 41.0, 56.8 and 22.0, respectively. The mutants showed a stable resistance to pyraclostrobin after 10 transfers on pyraclostrobin-free medium. Comparing with the corresponding parental isolates, the hyphal growth, mycelial dry weight and pathogenicity of PR mutants were significantly reduced, but the number of propagules showed no significant difference. More importantly, no cross-resistance of PR mutants to pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, imazalil and thiophanate-methyl was detected. In conclusion, V. mali showed a moderate risk to pyraclostrobin, and pyraclostrobin could be used as an alternative fungicide to control AVC in the field in China.

scholarly journals Detectivity optimization to detect of ultraweak light fluxes with an EM-CCD as binary photon counter array

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibtissame Khaoua ◽  
Guillaume Graciani ◽  
Andrey Kim ◽  
François Amblard
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Strong Nonlinearity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Spatially Extended ◽  
Extended Sources ◽  
Photon Counting Mode

AbstractFor a wide range of purposes, one faces the challenge to detect light from extremely faint and spatially extended sources. In such cases, detector noises dominate over the photon noise of the source, and quantum detectors in photon counting mode are generally the best option. Here, we combine a statistical model with an in-depth analysis of detector noises and calibration experiments, and we show that visible light can be detected with an electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices (EM-CCD) with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 3 for fluxes less than $$30\,{\text{photon}}\,{\text{s}}^{ - 1} \,{\text{cm}}^{ - 2}$$ 30 photon s - 1 cm - 2 . For green photons, this corresponds to 12 aW $${\text{cm}}^{ - 2}$$ cm - 2 ≈ $$9{ } \times 10^{ - 11}$$ 9 × 10 - 11 lux, i.e. 15 orders of magnitude less than typical daylight. The strong nonlinearity of the SNR with the sampling time leads to a dynamic range of detection of 4 orders of magnitude. To detect possibly varying light fluxes, we operate in conditions of maximal detectivity $${\mathcal{D}}$$ D rather than maximal SNR. Given the quantum efficiency $$QE\left( \lambda \right)$$ Q E λ of the detector, we find $${ \mathcal{D}} = 0.015\,{\text{photon}}^{ - 1} \,{\text{s}}^{1/2} \,{\text{cm}}$$ D = 0.015 photon - 1 s 1 / 2 cm , and a non-negligible sensitivity to blackbody radiation for T > 50 °C. This work should help design highly sensitive luminescence detection methods and develop experiments to explore dynamic phenomena involving ultra-weak luminescence in biology, chemistry, and material sciences.

scholarly journals Defects and uncertainties of adhesively bonded composite joints

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadik Omairey ◽  
Nithin Jayasree ◽  
Mihalis Kazilas
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Adhesive Bonding ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Bonded Joints ◽  
Adhesively Bonded ◽  
Adhesively Bonded Joints ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bonded Composite

AbstractThe increasing use of fibre reinforced polymer composite materials in a wide range of applications increases the use of similar and dissimilar joints. Traditional joining methods such as welding, mechanical fastening and riveting are challenging in composites due to their material properties, heterogeneous nature, and layup configuration. Adhesive bonding allows flexibility in materials selection and offers improved production efficiency from product design and manufacture to final assembly, enabling cost reduction. However, the performance of adhesively bonded composite structures cannot be fully verified by inspection and testing due to the unforeseen nature of defects and manufacturing uncertainties presented in this joining method. These uncertainties can manifest as kissing bonds, porosity and voids in the adhesive. As a result, the use of adhesively bonded joints is often constrained by conservative certification requirements, limiting the potential of composite materials in weight reduction, cost-saving, and performance. There is a need to identify these uncertainties and understand their effect when designing these adhesively bonded joints. This article aims to report and categorise these uncertainties, offering the reader a reliable and inclusive source to conduct further research, such as the development of probabilistic reliability-based design optimisation, sensitivity analysis, defect detection methods and process development.

scholarly journals Biochemical and molecular characterization of Alternaria alternata isolates highly resistant to procymidone from broccoli and cabbage

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingran Wang ◽  
Tiancheng Lou ◽  
Lingling Wei ◽  
Wenchan Chen ◽  
Longbing Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Single Point Mutation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leaf Blights ◽  
High Level

AbstractAlternaria alternata, a causal agent of leaf blights and spots on a wide range of hosts, has a high risk of developing resistance to fungicides. Procymidone, a dicarboximide fungicide (DCF), has been widely used in controlling Alternaria leaf blights in China for decades. However, the resistance of A. alternata against DCFs has rarely been reported from crucifer plants. A total of 198 A. alternata isolates were collected from commercial fields of broccoli and cabbage during 2018–2019, and their sensitivities to procymidone were determined. Biochemical and molecular characteristics were subsequently compared between the high-level procymidone-resistant (ProHR) and procymidone-sensitive (ProS) isolates, and also between ProHR isolates from broccoli and cabbage. Compared with ProS isolates, the mycelial growth rate, sporulation capacity and virulence of most ProHR isolates were reduced; ProHR isolates displayed an increased sensitivity to osmotic stresses and a reduced sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); all ProHR isolates showed a reduced sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) except for the isolate B102. Correlation analysis revealed a positive cross-resistance between procymidone and iprodione, or fludioxonil. When treated with 10 μg/mL of procymidone, both mycelial intracellular glycerol accumulations (MIGAs) and relative expression of AaHK1 in ProS isolates were higher than those in ProHR isolates. Sequence alignment of AaHK1 from ten ProHR isolates demonstrated that five of them possessed a single-point mutation (P94A, V612L, E708K or Q924STOP), and four isolates had an insertion or a deletion in their coding regions. No significant difference in biochemical characteristics was observed among ProHR isolates from two different hosts, though mutations in AaHK1 of the cabbage-originated ProHR isolates were distinct from those of the broccoli-originated ProHR isolates.

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