Influence of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus on Sugar Beet Storability

Rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and storage losses are serious sugar beet production problems. To investigate the influence of BNYVV on storability, six sugar beet cultivars varying for resistance to BNYVV were grown in 2005 and 2006 in southern Idaho fields with and without BNYVV-infested soil. At harvest, samples from each cultivar were placed in an outdoor ventilated pile in Twin Falls, ID and were removed at 40-day intervals starting at the end of October. After 144 and 142 days in storage, sugar reduction across cultivars averaged 20 and 13% without and 68 and 21% with BNYVV for the 2005 and 2006 roots, respectively. In the December samplings, frozen root area was 1 and 2% without and 25 and 41% with BNYVV for the 2005 and 2006 roots, respectively. Root rot was always worse with stored roots from BYNVV-infested soil in December, January, and February samplings. Root weight loss was variable in 2005; however, in 2006, an increase in weight reduction always was associated with BNYVV-infested roots. In order to prevent losses in rhizomania-infested areas, cultivars should be selected for storability as well as rhizomania resistance.

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Specificity of TAS-ELISA for Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus and Its Application for Determining Rhizomania Resistance in Field-Grown Sugar Beets

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.864 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (9) ◽

pp. 864-870 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

G. C. Wisler ◽

R. T. Lewellen ◽

J. L. Sears ◽

H.-Y. Liu ◽

J. E. Duffus

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Sugar Industry ◽

Resistance Breeding ◽

The United States ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Root Weight ◽

Sugar Beets ◽

Rhizomania Resistance

Levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), as measured by triple-antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA), were compared with biological evaluations in representative commercial and experimental sugar beet cultivars developed for production in the United States and ranging in their reactions to rhizomania from uniformly susceptible to highly resistant. TAS-ELISA was specific for BNYVV and did not react with related soilborne sugar beet viruses. Differences in absorbance (A405nm) values measured in eight cultivars closely correlated with the dosage and frequency of the Rz allele, which conditions resistance to BNYVV. A diploid (Rzrz) hybrid had a significantly lower absorbance value (less virus) than a similar triploid (Rzrzrz) hybrid. Cultivars that segregated (Rzrz:rzrz) had higher absorbance values than uniformly resistant (Rzrz) hybrids, as was expected. For all cultivars, absorbance values decreased as the season progressed. Absorbance value was significantly positively correlated with rhizomania disease index score and negatively correlated with individual root weight, plot root weight, and sugar yield. This information should be useful in resistance-breeding and -evaluation programs and in the sugar industry when considering cultivar choice, inoculum production, and future crop rotations.

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Sugar beet from field clamps -harvest quality and storage loss

Sugar Industry ◽

10.36961/si20092 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 639-647 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christa Hoffmann

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Surface Damage ◽

Invert Sugar ◽

Root Tip ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Storage Losses ◽

Commercial Sugar ◽

And Storage ◽

High Storage

Harvest quality of sugar beet varies according to soil conditions, harvester type and setting, and variety, too. Harvest quality may affect storage losses, in particular when injuries occur. To determine the harvest quality of commercial sugar beet and to quantify resulting storage losses, 92 commercial sugar beet clamps were sampled across Germany and information about harvest conditions were gathered. At IfZ, soil tare, leaf residues, topping diameter, root tip breakage and surface damage of the beets were determined. The beets were stored in 6 replicates in a climate container at 9°C for 10 weeks. The results demonstrate a rather good harvesting quality of sugar beet in Germany. Soil moisture at harvest did not affect harvest quality and storage losses. Very light, but also heavier soils lead to inferior harvest quality (soil tare, root tip breakage, damage) and slightly higher storage losses compared to the typical loam soils. Significant differences occurred between the three harvester types (companies). In general, high root tip breakage and severe surface damage of the beet was related to a high infestation with mould and rots, high invert sugar contents after storage and high sugar losses. Out of the five most planted varieties, in particular one turned out to be very susceptible to damage, resulting in high storage losses. The factor analysis suggests that the effect of harvester / harvester setting and of variety is more important for harvest quality and storage losses of sugar beet than soil conditions at harvest. Therefore, attention should be paid to optimize these conditions.

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Influence of tissue strength on root damage and storage losses of sugar beet

Sugar Industry ◽

10.36961/si24556 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 435-443

Author(s):

Gunnar Kleuker ◽

Christa M. Hoffmann

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Field Trials ◽

Strong Impact ◽

Root Damage ◽

Storage Losses ◽

Stable Variety ◽

Entry Points ◽

The Impact ◽

And Storage

Harvesting and cleaning of sugar beet lead to root damage, which increases storage losses due to wound healing and by causing entry points for pathogens. This study aimed at quantifying the effects of variety and site on the tissue strength of sugar beet roots, and moreover, to evaluate the impact of tissue strength on damage and storage losses. For this purpose, field trials with three varieties were carried out at six sites, three in Germany and the others in Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden in 2018. Texture analysis and storage trials were conducted in Göttingen. Puncture and compression measurements revealed differences in tissue strength between varieties and sites. Drought stress during the vegetation period significantly reduced the tissue strength. Tissue strength of sugar beet roots turned out to be an environmental stable variety characteristic. It is not possible to draw conclusions from tissue strength to storage losses at a site, since many other factors, such as growing conditions, diseases and damage due to harvester settings have a strong impact. However, tissue strength might be an indicator for damage susceptibility and storage losses of sugar beet varieties.

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Occurrence of Resistance-Breaking Beet necrotic yellow vein virus of Sugar Beet

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-0464 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 464-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

H.-Y. Liu ◽

J. L. Sears ◽

R. T. Lewellen

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Infested Soil ◽

Sequence Alignments ◽

Imperial Valley ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Pcr Products ◽

P Type

Rhizomania is an important virus disease of sugar beet and is caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV). During 2002-03, several sugar beet fields with cultivars partially resistant to BNYVV grown in the Imperial Valley of California were observed with severe rhizomania symptoms, suggesting that resistance conditioned by Rz1 had been compromised. Soil testing with sugar beet baiting plants followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to diagnose virus infection. Resistant varieties grown in BNYVV-infested soil from Salinas, CA, were ELISA-negative. In contrast, when grown in BNYVV-infested soil collected from the Imperial Valley, CA, all resistant varieties became infected and tested positive by ELISA. Based on host reaction, eight distinct BNYVV isolates have been identified from Imperial Valley soil (IV-BNYVV) by single local lesion isolation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays showed that the eight IV-BNYVV isolates did not contain RNA-5. Singlestrand conformation polymorphism banding patterns for the IV-BNYVV isolates were identical to A-type and different from P-type. Sequence alignments of PCR products from BNYVV RNA-1 near the 3′ end of IV-BNYVV isolates revealed that both IV-BNYVV and Salinas BNYVV isolates were similar to A-type and different from B-type. Our results suggest that the resistancebreaking BNYVV isolates from Imperial Valley likely evolved from existing A-type isolates.

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Sugar Beet Cultivar Evaluation for Storability and Rhizomania Resistance

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-93-6-0632 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (6) ◽

pp. 632-638 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Carl A. Strausbaugh ◽

Imad Eujayl ◽

Eugene Rearick ◽

Paul Foote ◽

Dave Elison

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Block Design ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Root Surface ◽

Storage Losses ◽

Cultivar Selection ◽

Sugar Beet Cultivar ◽

Rhizomania Resistance ◽

Commercial Sugar ◽

Selection Of

To reduce storage losses and improve resistance to rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), studies were initiated to establish a storage cultivar selection program. In 2006 and 2007, 30 or more commercial sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) cultivars were grown in soil naturally infested with BNYVV. At harvest, two root samples from each plot were collected and used to establish percent sugar. Additional samples were placed on top of an indoor pile (set point 1.7°C) and inside an outdoor pile in a randomized complete block design with four replications. After 142 and 159 days in indoor storage, sucrose reduction ranged from 13 to 90% in 2007 and 57 to 100% in 2008. Outdoor storage sucrose reduction ranged from 13 to 32% in 2007 and 28 to 60% in 2008. An average of 31 and 45% of the root surface was covered with fungal growth in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cultivars that retained the most sucrose had resistance to BNYVV and the least fungal growth and weight loss. Indoor storage with BNYVV-infested roots allowed for the most consistent cultivar separation and will potentially lead to selection of cultivars for improved storability and rhizomania resistance.

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Postharvest Storage Losses Associated with Rhizomania in Sugar Beet

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-4-0575 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 575-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

L. G. Campbell ◽

K. L. Klotz ◽

L. J. Smith

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Respiration Rate ◽

Invert Sugar ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Sugar Concentration ◽

Postharvest Storage ◽

Postharvest Losses ◽

Storage Losses ◽

Respiration Rates ◽

Sucrose Loss

During storage of sugar beet, respiration and rots consume sucrose and produce invert sugar. Diseases that occur in the field can affect the magnitude of these losses. This research examines the storage of roots with rhizomania (caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus) and the effectiveness of rhizomania-resistant hybrids in reducing postharvest losses. Roots of susceptible hybrids from sites with rhizomania had respiration rates 30 days after harvest (DAH) that ranged from 0.68 to 2.79 mg of CO2 kg–1 h–1 higher than roots of the resistant hybrids. This difference ranged from 2.60 to 13.88 mg of CO2 kg–1 h–1 120 DAH. Roots of resistant hybrids from sites with rhizomania had 18 kg more sucrose per ton than roots from susceptible hybrids 30 DAH, with this difference increasing to 55 kg Mg–1 120 DAH. The invert sugar concentration of susceptible hybrids from sites with rhizomania ranged from 8.38 to 287 g per 100 g of sucrose higher than that for resistant hybrids 120 DAH. In contrast, differences between susceptible and resistant hybrids in respiration rate, sucrose loss, and invert sugar concentration in the absence of rhizomania were relatively small. Storage losses due to rhizomania can be minimized by planting resistant hybrids and processing roots from fields with rhizomania soon after harvest.

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Root tissue strength and storage losses of sugar beet varieties as affected by N application and irrigation

Sugar Industry ◽

10.36961/si28254 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 30-37

Author(s):

Christa M. Hoffmann ◽

Gunnar Kleuker ◽

André Wauters ◽

William English ◽

Martijn Leijdekkers

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Root Tissue ◽

Wall Material ◽

Root Tip ◽

N Application ◽

Storage Losses ◽

Damage Susceptibility ◽

And Storage

There is some evidence that sugar beet root tissue strength affects damage susceptibility and storage losses. This study aimed at analyzing the effect of N application and of irrigation on tissue strength of sugar beet varieties, on root composition, and on root tip breakage and storage losses. For this purpose, field trials in six replicates with three sugar beet varieties were carried out with three N doses in The Netherlands and Belgium in 2018 and 2019, alternatively with three irrigation treatments in Sweden in 2018 and 2019. Results show a low impact of N application and irrigation on puncture resistance, tissue firmness and compressive strength of the roots, while varieties differed always stronger and significantly. Cell wall composition (pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin) did not differ markedly in roots from different environments (sites, years) and varieties, giving no explanation for differences in tissue strength. However, the percentage of cell wall material (AIR, marc) and of dry matter were higher in roots with higher tissue strength. Root tip breakage and sugar losses during storage tended to be lower when root compressive strength of varieties was higher. Hence, root tissue strength could serve as an indirect selection criterion for reduced damage susceptibility and improved storability of sugar beet varieties.

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Determination of Optimum Irrigation Regime and Water Use Efficiency of Sugar Beet Grown in Pathogen-Infested Soil

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1067 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (10) ◽

pp. 1067-1072 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G. Piccinni ◽

C. M. Rush

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Sugar Beet ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Levels ◽

Root Weight ◽

Infested Soil ◽

Split Plot ◽

The Impact ◽

Plot Design

A field experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of different irrigation frequencies on sugar beet yield in pathogen-infested soils. Four irrigation regimes (every 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks) and four inoculation treatments (beet necrotic yellow vein virus [BNYVV], beet soilborne mosaic virus [BSBMV], BNYVV+BSBMV, and a noninoculated control) were arranged in a split-plot design and replicated four times. Irrigation frequency and virus infection affected disease severity and yield. Sugar beets irrigated every 4 weeks had the lowest disease severity, and yield was not significantly different from the every 2 weeks frequency. Sucrose content was higher for beets in the 4-week irrigation treatment compared with the 2- and 3-week frequencies. Beets inoculated with BNYVV had higher disease severity and lower root yield than beets inoculated with BSBMV and BNYVV+BSBMV. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of water level on disease severity and water use in sugar beet. Four treatments (BNYVV, BSBMV, BNYVV+BSBMV, and a noninoculated control) and three water levels (pot capacity [PC], 75% PC, and 50% PC) were arranged in a split-plot design and replicated five times. Pots of each treatment were weighed every other day to determine evapotranspiration. Evaporation was determined from unplanted pots, and plant transpiration was calculated by the difference. Beets irrigated at 75% pot capacity showed minimal disease incidence and a root weight comparable to the fully irrigated healthy control. Plants in the BNYVV treatment had a significantly higher disease severity than beets infected by BSBMV or BNYVV+BSBMV. Root weights and plant water use were significantly affected by virus infection. Beets in the BNYVV+BSBMV treatment had a significantly higher root dry weight and water use than beets in the BNYVV treatment, suggesting that BSBMV reduced the impact of disease caused by BNYVV.

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Susceptibility to root tip breakage increases storage losses of sugar beet genotypes

Sugar Industry ◽

10.36961/si17882 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 625-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Christa Hoffmann ◽

Katharina Schnepel

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Close Correlation ◽

Invert Sugar ◽

Root Tip ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Genotypic Differences ◽

Storage Losses ◽

Controlled Conditions ◽

Sugar Loss

Good storability of sugar beet is of increasing importance, not only to reduce sugar losses, but also with regard to maintaining the processing quality. Genotypic differences are found in storage losses. However, it is not clear to which extent damage may contribute to the genotypic response. The aim of the study was to quantify the effect of root tip breakage on storage losses of different genotypes. For that purpose, in 2012 and 2013, six sugar beet genotypes were grown in field trials at two locations. After lifting roots were damaged with a cleaning device. They were stored for 8 and 12 weeks, either under controlled conditions in a climate container at constant 8°C, or under ambient temperature in an outdoor clamp. The close correlation underlines that storage losses under controlled conditions (constant temperature) can well be transferred to conditions in practice with fluctuating temperature. The strongest impact on invert sugar accumulation and sugar loss after storage resulted from storage time, followed by damage and growing environment (year × growing site). Cleaning reduced soil tare but increased root tip breakage, in particular for genotypes with low marc content. During storage, pathogen infestation and invert sugar content of the genotypes increased with root tip breakage, but the level differed between growing environments. Sugar loss was closely related to invert sugar accumulation for all treatments, genotypes and environments. Hence, it can be concluded that root tip breakage contributes considerably to storage losses of sugar beet genotypes, and evidently genotypes show a different susceptibility to root tip breakage which is related to their marc content. For long-term storage it is therefore of particular importance to avoid damage during the harvest operations and furthermore, to have genotypes with high storability and low susceptibility to damage.

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