First Report of Celery Mosaic Potyvirus on Dill (Anethum graveolens)

In the spring and summer of 1997, nearly 90% of dill plants (Anethum graveolens L.) cultivated in a crop of Emilia-Romagna region (northern Italy), exhibited viruslike symptoms. Approximately 30% of the plants showed narrowing of the leaf lamina and stunting that evolved to yellow or bronze color. The plants appeared bushy and had low seed production. Electron microscopy of leaf-dip preparations revealed the association of flexuous, potyvirus-like particles of 750 nm in length with diseased dill plants. The identity of this virus was established by differential host reactions and serological assays. It was mechanically transmitted only to Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste et Reyn. and C. quinoa Willd. plants (which showed local chloro-necrotic lesions after about a week), and Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. plants (latently infected). No infections were obtained in several inoculated Umbelliferae plants, including dill and celery (Apium graveolens L.). Therefore, our isolate is similar to that described by others (1,2) and unlike the type strain that infects only members of the Umbelliferae. Virus particles reacted in protein A sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with antiserum to celery mosaic potyvirus (CeMV) (supplied from the Istituto di Fitovirologia Applicata, CNR, Turin, Italy). This result was further confirmed by immunosorbent electron microscopy decoration tests. CeMV in the field was likely transmitted to dill by abundant aphid populations from weeds and/or other Umbelliferae species cultivated in the same location. In particular, the weed host Daucus carota L. and the cultivated Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. plants both exhibited bronze foliage and stunting, and were found to be infected by CeMV. This note represents the first report of CeMV in A. graveolens. References: (1) E. Luisoni et al. Ann. Phytopathol. 1:375, 1969. (2) C. Rubies-Autonell et al. Phytopathol Mediterr. 35:58, 1996.

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First Report of Broad Bean Wilt Fabavirus on Polygonum fagopyrum

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.8.959a ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (8) ◽

pp. 959-959 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. G. Bellardi ◽

C. Rubies-Autonell

Keyword(s):

Broad Bean ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽

Differential Host ◽

First Report ◽

Systemic Vein ◽

Gomphrena Globosa ◽

Chlorotic Mottle ◽

Emilia Romagna Region ◽

Symptomatic Leaf

Buckwheat (Polygonum fagopyrum L.) is an annual medicinal plant useful in convalescence and treatment of anemia. It is widely grown in Europe, where it is sometimes used as human food. In a survey made during 1995 to 1996 in the Emilia-Romagna region (northern Italy), a virus was consistently isolated from plants showing yellow or chlorotic mottle on the leaves. It was mechanically transmitted to herbaceous hosts, including Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste et Reyn., C. murale L., C. quinoa Willd., Gomphrena globosa L., and Vicia faba L. (which showed systemic vein clearing, necrosis of terminal leaves, wilting, and death) and identified by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PAS-ELISA, using A protein) as broad bean wilt fabavirus (BBWV) serotype I. Moreover, elongated, potyvirus-like particles, 750 nm in length, were observed by electron microscopy of leaf dips from symptomatic leaf samples of P. fagopyrum. These particles were identified as turnip mosaic potyvirus (TuMV) on the basis of differential host reactions and by serological assays, including PAS-ELISA, immunoelectron microscopy, and gold-labeled antibody decoration. Both BBWV and TuMV may have been transmitted to P. fagopyrum by the abundant aphid populations from other medicinal plants cultivated in the same location. In particular, Digitalis lanata Ehrh. and Hesperis matronalis L. were found to be infected by the same two viruses (50% of diseased plants). This note represents the first report of BBWV, alone or in mixed infections with TuMV, in P. fagopyrum.

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First Report of Broad bean wilt virus on Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.1.99b ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 99-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. G. Bellardi ◽

C. Rubies-Autonell

Keyword(s):

Broad Bean ◽

Protein A ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽

Borago Officinalis ◽

First Report ◽

Chlorotic Mottle ◽

Wilt Virus ◽

Broad Bean Wilt Virus

In the spring and summer of 1998, a severe virus-like disease consisting of chlorotic mottle on leaves, yellowing, and stunting was observed at the Giardino delle Erbe of Casola-Valsenio (Emila-Romagna region, northern Italy). Most of the symptomatic plants were infected with a filamentous virus that was not identified. Moreover, one thyme plant showing yellow leaves was also found infected by an isometric virus, the identity of which was established by the following host reactions and serological assay. It was mechanically transmitted to 33 species belonging to 11 botanical families. All the Chenopodiaceae (Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste et Reyn., C. murale L., C. foliosum Ash., and C. quinoa Willd.) tested showed local and systemic symptoms in 3 to 4 days; among Leguminosae, broad bean (Vicia faba L.) showed necrotic local lesions and wilt. Virus particles reacted in protein A sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the antiserum to Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV), serotype I (supplied from the Istituto di Fitovirologia Applicata, CNR, Turin, Italy). BBWV in the field was in all probability transmitted to thyme by aphids from weeds and/or other medicinal and aromatic species cultivated in the same herb garden, all recently shown to be hosts for BBWV: Polygonum fagopyrum L., Hedisarum coronarium L., Borago officinalis L., Phytolacca Americana L., Digitalis lanata Ehrh., and D. purpurea L. (1). This is the first report of BBWV in T. vulgaris and demonstrates that it is more prevalent in Italy than previously reported. References: (1) C. Rubies-Autonell and M. G. Bellardi. 1999. 7th International Plant Virus Epidemiology Symposium, Aguadulce, Spain.

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First Report of Xylella fastidiosa Infecting Citrus in Costa Rica

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-0687b ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (6) ◽

pp. 687-687 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

E. Aguilar ◽

W. Villalobos ◽

L. Moreira ◽

C. M. Rodríguez ◽

E. W. Kitajima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Negative Bacterium ◽

Gram Negative ◽

First Report ◽

Leaf Petiole ◽

Orange Trees ◽

Das Elisa

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is an important disease mainly of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) cultivars. It was first described in Brazil in the state of Sā Paulo in 1987 (4). The disease has spread to all Brazilian states that grow citrus and is affecting more than one-third of the orange trees grown in Brazil. CVC is caused by Xylella fastidiousa, a xylem-limited, gram-negative bacterium. During the last 4 years, symptoms including leaf interveinal chlorosis, stunting, canopy dieback, and hard and undersized fruits, similar to those caused by CVC (3), appeared in sweet orange trees used as shade plants for coffee plantations and as fence posts in Costa Rica. Necrotic lesions on the abaxial side of the leaves as reported in Brazil were rarely observed. Leaf petiole samples from 25 symptomatic sweet orange trees reacted positively with a X fastidiosa-specific antiserum (AGDIA Inc., Elkart, IN) in a double-sandwich antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). A fastidious, gram-negative bacterium identified as X. fastidiosa using DAS-ELISA was isolated on perwinkle wilt (PW) medium plates (1) from citrus stems showing CVC symptoms, but not from asymptomatic trees. The isolated colonies were circular and opalescent with diameters of 2 to 3 mm and were clearly visible within 6 to 7 days after streaking. Petiole sections from symptomatic plants observed with scanning electron microscopy showed rod-shaped bacteria with rippled cell walls tightly packed in xylem vessels, as described for X. fastidiosa previously (2), and with transmission electron microscopy, the bacteria were morphologically similar to those reported previously for CVC (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. fastidiosa associated with citrus in Costa Rica. References: (1) M. J. Davis et al. Curr. Microbiol. 6:309, 1981. (2) J. S. Hartung et al. Phytopathology 84:591, 1994. (3) R. F. Lee et al. Summa Phytopathol. 19:123, 1993. (4) V. Rossetti et al. 1990, C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 310:345–349.

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First Report of Pepino mosaic virus on Tomato in Spain

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.12.1292c ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (12) ◽

pp. 1292-1292 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. Jordá ◽

A. Lázaro Pérez ◽

P. Martínez-Culebras ◽

P. Abad ◽

A. Lacasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Canary Islands ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Datura Stramonium ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽

Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

First Report

At the beginning of 2000, a damaging disease developed on protected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) crops grown in polyethylene greenhouses in different regions of Spain. Production losses were estimated at 15 to 80%. The tomato plants showed a variety of symptoms. The most common symptoms were leaf distortion, chlorosis, and mosaic. Some plants showed a dark green mosaic and bubbling of the leaf surface. Green striations were also observed on the stem and sepals. Most of the diseased plants had discolored fruits. Symptoms decreased as environmental temperature increased. The involvement of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) was suspected. To identify the etiological agent, ≈500 symptomatic tomato plants were collected from several locations in Alicante, Murcia, Almeria and the Canary Islands. Flexuous viral particles 510 nm long were observed by transmission electron microscopy, suggesting the presence of a potexvirus in the tissue extracts analyzed. All samples were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), using polyclonal antibodies to Narcissus mosaic virus (Adgen, Auchincriuve, Scotland), a virus serologically related to PepMV, and two antisera specific to PepMV (Adgen, Scotland and DMSZ, Braunschweig, Germany). PepMV was detected in 35% of the samples. Like PepMV, the virus infected (as confirmed by ELISA) greenhouse-grown Datura stramonium, Nicandra physalodes, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, Solanum tuberosum, and Vigna sinensis and did not infect Capsicum anuum, Cucumis sativus, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Petunia × hybrida, Phaseolus vulgaris, Physalis floridana, N. glutinosa, N. rustica, or N. tabacum. The virus did infect Gomphrena globosa, which normally is not infected by PepMV. The first report of PepMV was on pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Peru in 1974 (1), but this virus has been recently reported in the Netherlands, England, Germany, and France on protected tomato crops (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of PepMV in Spain, including the Canary Islands. References: (1) R. A. C. Jones et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 94:61, 1980. (2) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO). Alert List Viruses. On-line publication/2000/003.

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Protein bodies in umbelliferous seeds. III. Characterization of calcium-rich crystals

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b82-177 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 1399-1403 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ernest Spitzer ◽

John N. A. Lott

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Daucus Carota ◽

Protein Bodies ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Anethum Graveolens ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare ◽

X Ray ◽

Daucus Carota L

The chemical composition of the calcium-rich crystal inclusions present in the seed protein bodies of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Imperator 408), wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Tall Utah), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. cv. Hollow Crown), parsley (Petroselinum sativum L. cv. Moss Curled), and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L. cv. Curled) was determined. Using a variety of methods including X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, microincineration, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, solubility studies, and staining, the chemical composition of the calcium-rich crystal inclusions was identified as calcium oxalate.

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Calcium mobilization into developing seedlings of umbelliferous plants

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b82-178 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 1404-1408 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John N. A. Lott ◽

Ernest Spitzer ◽

Catherine M. Vollmer

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Daucus Carota ◽

Polarized Light ◽

Calcium Mobilization ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽

Anethum Graveolens ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Oxalate Crystals

Calcium mobilization into developing seedlings of several umbelliferous plants including carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Imperator 408), wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Tall Utah), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. cv. Hollow Crown), parsley (Petroselinum sativum L. cv. Moss Curled), and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L. cv. Curled) was investigated with emphasis on carrot and celery. Calcium determinations using atomic absorption spectrometry of carrot and celery embryos obtained from dry mericarps and carrot and celery seedlings collected when the pericarp plus testa plus endosperm remains fell off the seedlings, revealed that some calcium uptake occurred in carrot and possibly celery. It is possible that some of the calcium obtained by the seedlings came from the calcium oxalate crystals but the calcium could also have originated from other calcium sources within the endosperm. Polarized light studies of endosperm remains from carrot, celery, and the other members of the family Umbelliferae investigated, revealed that large numbers of calcium oxalate crystals were present in the endosperm remains after separation from the seedlings. The results of these studies indicate that calcium oxalate crystals are not used extensively as a calcium source during germination and early seedling growth.

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Dicentra, Epimedium, and Heuchera: New Perennial Ornamental Hosts of Tobacco rattle virus in the United States

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2000.84.12.1344a ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (12) ◽

pp. 1344-1344 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

B. E. L. Lockhart

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

United States ◽

Tobacco Rattle Virus ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Particle Morphology ◽

The United States ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Infected Leaf ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

First Report

Yellow ringspotting and concentric line patterns in plants of Dicentra (bleeding heart), Epimedium (barrenwort), and Heuchera (coral bells) from commercial nurseries and home gardens in Minnesota, Michigan, and Massachusetts were associated with infection by Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), which was identified by particle morphology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunosorbent electron microscopy. No other viruslike particles were observed by electron microscopy in partially purified preparations of TRV-infected leaf tissue, and TRV was not detected in asymptomatic plants. This is the first report of TRV occurrence in Dicentra in the United States and the first report of TRV occurrence in Epimedium and Heuchera. In previous reports (1,2) we have called attention to the increasing incidence of TRV in vegetatively propagated perennial ornamental plant species in the United States and to the potential for virus spread to crops such as potato, in which TRV has not been reported in the midwestern United States. It is possible that increased international trade in vegetatively propagated ornamental plants may be resulting in the introduction of TRV and other exotic viruses into the United States and elsewhere. It is also possible that the natural occurrence of TRV in North America may be actually more widespread than has been reported. References: (1) B. E. Lockhart et al. Plant Dis. 79:1249, 1995. (2) B. E. Lockhart and J. A. Westendorp. Plant Dis. 82:712, 1998.

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Cynoglossum officinale, a New Natural Host of Alfalfa mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2002.86.4.444a ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 444-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. G. Bellardi ◽

C. Rubies-Autonell ◽

A. Pisi

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Protein A ◽

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Natural Host ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Cynoglossum Officinale ◽

Epidemiological Surveys

Cynoglossum officinale L. (family Boraginaceae), hound's-tongue, is a medicinal plant whose roots are used for their astringent and healing properties and for their sedative, calming, and slightly narcotic effects. This species, originating from Europe where it grows wild in mountainous fields, is cultivated only for its medicinal properties. Epidemiological surveys performed in the Emilia Romagna Region of northern Italy in the spring and autumn of 2001 revealed the presence of virus-like symptoms on C. officinale cultivated in two different locations. In the Botanical Garden of the University of Bologna, the plants showed stunting, interveinal chlorotic spots, midrib necrosis, and scarce or no seed production. In the experimental field of the Agriculture Faculty of Bologna (Imola), the plants exhibited stunting, interveinal chlorotic spots, and reduction of leaf lamina. Mechanical inoculations of sap from symptomatic leaves caused typical symptoms of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) on Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste & Reyn. (local chlorotic, necrotic lesions and systemic chlorotic vein streaking), Vigna unguicolata (L.) Walp., and Phaseolus vulgaris L. (local necrotic lesions). Using an electron microscope, examination of leaf sap obtained from infected plants stained with uranyl acetate and phosphotungstic acid did not show the presence of elongated virus particles. Serological tests, such as immunoelectron microscopy, gold-labeled decoration, and protein A sandwich indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using antiserum to AMV (PVAS 92, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, and AlMV-Vinca minor L., from the DiSTA collection, Bologna, Italy as a control), gave positive reactions, indicating that the virus in question was AlMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of virus infection on C. officinale, a new natural host of AlMV.

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First Report of a Furovirus Infecting Field-Grown Rye in North America

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2001.85.6.678a ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (6) ◽

pp. 678-678 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. T. Momol ◽

A. Blount ◽

T. A. Kucharek ◽

M. A. Petersen ◽

M. Nielsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

North America ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Bimodal Distribution ◽

Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

First Report ◽

The North ◽

Research And Education

Viral symptoms were present in a dwarf recurrent population (99RP17) of rye (Secale cereale) at the North Florida Research and Education Center in Quincy, Gadsden County, FL, during the winter and spring of 2000. Symptoms and distribution of the infected plants in the field were similar to those caused by Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV; acronym WSBMV), which was first recognized in North America in 1919 (4) and found in Florida in wheat in 1970 (3). SBWMV has been observed based on symptoms in rye in North America (4). Interveinal, non-continuous, chlorotic areas of leaves and stunting of plants in patchy patterns occurred in four locations (0.8 to 1.6 km between locations). Incidences of the disease ranged from 3 to 15%. Leaves and roots of more than 25 plants were assessed. Using light microscopy, after staining with Calcomine Orange 2RS/Luxol Brilliant Green BL (1), amorphous, vacuolate inclusions were observed in all assayed leaves. With electron microscopy, rigid rods were present with a bimodal distribution of particle lengths that conformed to size distributions found originally in wheat in 1970 in Florida. Leaves with symptoms were sent to Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN) and samples were strongly positive for SBWMV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cystosori of Polymyxa graminis were detected from a few roots from symptomatic plants. While these associations are suggestive of SBWMV, and rye is a reported host of SBWMV, the possibility of this virus being soilborne rye mosaic virus exists (2). Such a differentiation will require nucleotide sequence analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a furovirus infecting field-grown rye in Florida and in North America. References: (1) R. G. Christie and J. R. Edwardson. 1994. Light and Electron Microscopy of Plant Virus Inclusions Monogr. 9. University of Florida, Quincy. (2) R. Koenig et al. 1999. Arch. Virol. 144:2125–2140. (3) T. A. Kucharek and J. H. Walker. Plant Dis. Rep. 58:763–765, 1974. (4) H. H. McKinney. J. Agric. Res. 23:771–800, 1923.

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Protein bodies in umbelliferous seeds. II. Elemental composition

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b82-176 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 1392-1398 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ernest Spitzer ◽

John N. A. Lott

Keyword(s):

Elemental Composition ◽

Daucus Carota ◽

Protein Bodies ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Pastinaca Sativa ◽

Anethum Graveolens ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare ◽

X Ray ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Wild Carrot

The elemental composition of the protein bodies from several members of the Umbelliferae including carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Imperator 408), wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Tall Utah), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L. cv. Hollow Crown), parsley (Petroselinum sativum L. cv. Moss Curled), and chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium L. cv. Curled) was determined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Globoid crystals in the endosperm usually contained P, K, and Mg or infrequently P, K, Mg, and Ca. In the embryos of carrot and caraway, P was always present with a combination of K, Mg, or Ca. Calcium was the only element detectable in the calcium-rich crystals. The proteinaceous matrix always contained S and K regardless of the inclusion present in the protein body.Quantitative determinations of P, Mg, K, and Ca are presented for all members studied except wild carrot, chervil, celery, and fennel. In all species analysed in this manner K or Ca were present in the highest amounts followed by P and Mg. Calcium-localization studies showed that most of the Ca is located in the endosperm and pericarp portions of the mericarp.

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