scholarly journals Epidemiology of Mango Malformation in Guerrero, México, with Traditional and Integrated Management

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Noriega-Cantú ◽  
D. Téliz ◽  
G. Mora-Aguilera ◽  
J. Rodríguez-Alcazar ◽  
E. Zavaleta-Mejía ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Epidemic Development ◽  
Benefit Cost

The temporal progress of malformation (MM) of mango (Mangifera indica) was studied from 1993 to 1995 with three management technologies applied to commercial plantations in North Guerrero, Mexico. Management influenced shoot production and thus determined the dynamics of epidemics. Environmental factors also affected disease incidence, particularly through an apparent effect on inoculum dispersal. In general, integrated management (IM), consisting of pruning, acaricide, and fungicide sprays, resulted in slower rates of epidemic development, lower levels of initial and final disease, and lesser areas under the disease progress curves. In the first cycle, IM increased yield per tree by 51% in relation to high technology (HT) and 74% in relation to lower traditional technology (LT), representing a benefit-cost rate of 2.8 and 3.3, respectively. Change of malformation incidence was correlated positively with the number of macroconidia of Fusarium sp. trapped in the canopy (r = 0.90, P = 0.0001) and wind speed (r = 0.83, P = 0.0001); both variables lagged over a 4-month period. The greatest change in malformation occurred during the main vegetative flush, which occurred 3 to 6 months after picking the fruit (May). The accumulated proportion of diseased shoots was correlated with the following variables measured over a 1-week period: average maximum daily temperature (r = -0.68, P = 0. 01), average temperature per hour (r = -0.59, P = 0.04), average number of hours with relative humidity ≥60% (r = -0.82, P = 0.001), and wind speed (r = 0.94, P = 0.0001). In general, the greatest spore density was found during the rainy season, with a morning periodicity showing the highest correlation with wind speed (r = 0.812, P = 0.0001). F. subglutinans was isolated consistently from diseased (86%) and asymptomatic (5%) vegetative and flowering shoots.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Green Mold Foci in 30 Commercial Mushroom Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Royse ◽  
K. Boomer ◽  
Y. Du ◽  
M. Handcock ◽  
P. S. Coles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Nutrient Supplementation ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
Epidemic Development ◽  
Surface Covering

Statistical analyses were performed on spatial distributions of mushroom green mold foci caused by Trichoderma spp. in 30 standard Pennsylvania doubles (743 m2 production surface) selected at random from over 900 total crops mapped. Mapped production houses were divided into four tiers of six beds each with 16 sections per bed (total = 384 sections per double). Each section contained approximately 2 m2. Green mold foci were mapped according to presence or absence in each section as they became visible during the course of the mushroom production. There was a trend toward higher disease incidence at the ends of the doubles, although this was not consistent from level to level. Spatial analysis revealed that green mold foci were more likely to occur in neighboring sections along the beds rather than above, below, or across from each other. Cultural practices that were associated with movement along the beds, i.e., nutrient supplementation, spawning, bed tamping, surface covering, etc., were considered the most likely factors influencing the incidence of green mold in spawned compost. Airborne contamination was considered a less likely source of inocula contributing to epidemic development. Sanitation practices that reduce spore loads along the beds are expected to provide the greatest degree of green mold control.

scholarly journals Screening of Citrus Cultivars Against Citrus Canker and Its Allelopathic Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Alternative Management ◽  
Integrated Management System ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Great Potency

Citrus canker is the most devastating bacterial disease. In Pakistan, where canker is endemic, cultural practices and chemical control is vital module of integrated management system. But due to non-prudent use of chemicals wicked impacts start to appear on human health and environment there was need of some alternative management which should be eco-friendly and has no adverse effect for human. Therefore, our present study was based on screening of different cultivars of citrus and allelopathic management of citrus canker. The results revealed that Cara cara navel and kinnow both performed as moderately susceptible response in field condition than all other cultivars of citrus in screening experiment. Consequently, disease incidence was observed increasing by increasing the lesion area and these cultivars can be suggested as a source of resistance against canker pathogen. In allelopathic management we observed that ethanolic extracts were more efficient than aqueous extracts and their efficacy was also increasing by increasing the concentration. Ethanolic extracts of jatropha (13.33cm) followed by amaltas (12.5cm), Arjun (11.13cm), Bougenvilla (7.21cm) have great potency against the pathogen. So these ethanolic extracts can be used as good and alternative management of citrus canker disease.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Chickpea Varieties under Rainfed Condition of Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
M. Sangeetha ◽  
K. Indhumathi ◽  
P. S. Shanmugam
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Rainfed Condition ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Disease ◽  
Benefit Cost

Chickpea is an important pulse crop grown during rabi season in black soil areas of Dharmapuri District. Among the various biotic and abiotic factors, the drought stress and fusarium wilt disease incidence are the major problems that reduces the chickpea yield to a greater extent. To overcome the above problems, the varieties viz., JAKI 9218 and GBM 2 were studied in comparison with farmers practice i.e., CO 4 for identification of suitable drought and disease tolerant high yielding variety for prevailing rainfed condition. The results revealed that JAKI 9218 and GBM 2 were found promising under rainfed condition and recorded the grain yield of 1008 and 933 kg/ha as compared to 808 kg/ha in CO 4. The variety JAKI 9218 proved to be superior with a yield increase of 24.7 per cent over CO 4 and 8.04 per cent over GBM 2. The pod borer and fusarium wilt disease incidence were lower in the variety JAKI 9218. The highest net income of Rs. 22158 /- and benefit cost ratio of 2.16 was realized in JAKI 9218 and the lowest net income of Rs. 13958 /- and benefit cost ratio of 1.77 was realized in farmers practice i.e., CO 4. It is concluded from the study that the chickpea variety JAKI 9218 can be recommended for large scale cultivation under rainfed condition of Dharmapuri district for realizing higher return by the farmers.

scholarly journals Effect of neem leaf and banana pulp extracts on shelf life and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabeya Akter Sarmin ◽  
Shamim Ahmed Kamal Uddin Khan ◽  
Kanij Fatema ◽  
Sabiha Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Neem Leaf Extract

The study was carried out to minimize the postharvest loses and extend shelf life of mango fruitby maintaining physico-chemical properties. The variety selected for the study was “Amrapali”. Freshly harvested mango was treated with different concentrations (20% and 40%) of neem leaf and banana pulp extract alone or in combination. Untreated mango was considered as control. All treated and untreated mango was kept into paper cartons at room condition. The treated fruits showed significant differences in case of total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, disease incidence, disease severity and shelf life in comparison to control fruits. Among the treatments, T2 (neem leaf extract at 20%) and T5 (neem leaf extract 40% + banana pulp extract 40%) treatments showed longer shelf life (9.92 and 10.25 days, respectively), slower changes in color (score 2.77 and 2.93, respectively) and firmness (score 2.67 and 2.77, respectively); less disease severity (score 2.93 and 3.57, respectively), disease incidence (46.67% and 60.00%) and lower loss in weight (38.04% and 35.17%, respectively) at 9 DAT (Days after treatment). On the other hand, total soluble solid was highest in T3 (neem leaf extract 40%) treated fruitswith18.73% more Brix at 13 DAT in comparison to control and other treatments. The effectiveness of the treatment T5 (neem leaf extract 40% + banana pulp extract 40%) was meaningful which could be recommended for maintenance of postharvest quality of mango stored in ambient conditions. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(3): 343–350, December 2018

scholarly journals Management of Purple Blotch Complex of Onion in Indian Punjab

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritesh Kumar Yadav ◽  
Amarjit Singh ◽  
Sandeep Jain ◽  
Ajmer Singh Dhatt
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Systemic Fungicides ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Seed Method ◽  
Benefit Cost

Six systemic fungicides viz.,  Kitazin 48 EC (iprobenfos), Tilt 25 EC (propiconazole), Folicur 25 EC (tebuconazole), Score 25 EC (difenoconazole), Amistar Top 325 SC (azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenoconazole 11.4%) and Nativo 75 WG  (trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50%), and two non-systemic fungicides viz., Indofil M-45 75 WP (mancozeb) and Kocide 77 WP (copper hydroxide), were evaluated under in vitro and field conditions for their efficacy to manage purple blotch complex of onion caused by Alternaria porri and Stemphylium vesicarium. Field efficacy of  the fungicides at different concentrations were determined in controlling the purple blotch complex of onion under artificial epiphytotic conditions on bulb and seed crop (cultivar PRO-6) during the Rabi season 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, respectively. The triazole fungicides, tebuconazole and difenoconazole proved superior in inhibiting growth of A. porri and S. vesicarium under in vitro conditions, respectively. Further, foliar sprays (3 for bulb crop and 4 for seed crop) of tebuconazole 25 EC (Folicur) @ 0.1 per cent at fortnightly interval most effectively managed purple blotch complex of onion under field conditions with highest Benefit: Cost ratio (8.75:1 and 88.7:1) in bulb and seed crop, respectively. Seed-to-seed method of onion seed production recorded significantly lower disease severity and higher seed yield than that of bulb-to-seed method under natural epiphytotic conditions. The present findings can be instrumental in devising strategy for the integrated management of A. porri, S. vesicarium singly as well as in complex, serious limiting biotic factors in onion production. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(4): 554-565

Climate change in the semiarid prairie of southwestern Saskatchewan: Temperature, precipitation, wind, and incoming solar energy

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Cutforth
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Key Words Climate Change

Long-term weather data were analyzed to study annual as well as seasonal climate change within an approximately 15 000-km2 area in the semiarid prairie near Swift Current, SK. The climate of the study region has changed over the past 50 yr. Annually, average maximum (Tmx) and minimum (Tmn) air temperatures have increased – rainfall amounts and the number of rainfall events (≥0.5 mm) have increased since the late 1960s-early 1970s; incoming solar energy has decreased, and wind speed has decreased since the early 1970s. Seasonally, for January through April (JFMA), both Tmx and Tmn have increased, the number of rainfall events has increased since the early 1970s, snowfall amounts and the number of snowfall events (≥0.5 cm) have decreased; the number of precipitation events (≥0.5 mm) has decreased, incoming solar energy has decreased, and wind speed has decreased since the early 1970s. For May through August (MJJA), Tmn has increased, incoming solar energy has decreased, and wind speed has decreased since the mid-1970s. For September through December (SOND), the number of rainfall events has increased since the early 1970s and wind speed has decreased. Since 1950, JFMA has become drier and, relative to JFMA, SOND has become wetter. Generally, JFMA has experienced the largest change in climate, whereas SOND has experienced the least climate change. Precipitation amounts and events were negatively correlated with increasing Tmx, suggesting a future decrease in precipitation amounts for southwestern Saskatchewan if global warming continues. Key words: Climate change, semiarid prairie, temperature, precipitation, wind, solar energy

Exported Strawberry Gray Mold Decay Related Spore Density and Disease Incidence in Cultivation Field

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-231
Author(s):  
Chang-Wook Jeon ◽  
Da-ran Kim ◽  
Jung Jun Park ◽  
Nam Jun Kang ◽  
Youn-Sig Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Spore Density

DETERMINATION OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL METEOROLOGICAL VALUES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE DEPOSITION OF ICE ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE BY THE MONTHS OF THE COLD PERIOD OF THE YEAR DURING 2001-2013 AND THEIR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
S.I. Pyasetska ◽  
N.P. Grebenyuk ◽  
S.V. Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Maximum Minimum

The article presents the results of the study of the determination of the correlation connection between a number of meteorological values at the beginning of the deposition of ice on the wires of a standard ice-cream machine in certain months of the cold period of the year on the territory of Ukraine during 2001-2013. The research was conducted for 3 winter months, as well as for March and November. The pair of meteorological parameters have been determined at the beginning of the deposition of ice that have a statistically significant correlation coefficient and a spatial-temporal distribution of the distribution in certain months across the territory of Ukraine has been obtained. The most common variant of the statistically significant connection between individual meteorological parameters was the connection between the temperature of the water column (average, maximum, minimum) and relative humidity of air (average, maximum). Thus, for almost all months studied, a statistically significant correlation between the temperature of the vapor (average, maximum, minimum) and relative humidity of air (average, maximum) was established. For the winter months, the correlation coefficient of this connection was positive, and for March and November, it was negative. A widespread version of a statistically significant connection was the relationship between the air temperature (average, maximum, minimum) and the height of the snow cover. This connection for the months studied turned out to be negative. The variants of negative statistically significant connection between average wind speed and average relative humidity of air (January-February, December), average and maximum wind speed and sea-level pressure (November), and also between daily amount precipitation and snow (March), daily rainfall and wind speed (average, maximum), and pressure at sea level (November). During the months of the cold period of the year, statistically significant connections between the air temperature (average, maximum) and pressure at sea level (November), wind speed (average, maximum) and average humidity (January, December), pressure on sea levels and average relative humidity (March). Also, there were isolated cases of statistically significant correlation between snow and sea level pressure (December). The most frequently statistically significant connections between meteorological values at the dates of deposition of ice on the wires of a standard icing machine were observed at stations in the central, northeastern, eastern and separate southern regions.

scholarly journals First Report in Mali of Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae Causing Mango Bacterial Canker on Mangifera indica

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Pruvost ◽  
C. Boyer ◽  
K. Vital ◽  
C. Verniere ◽  
L. Gagnevin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Tris Buffer ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Xanthomonas Citri ◽  
First Report ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Wide Range

Bacterial canker (or black spot) of mango caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae is an important disease in tropical and subtropical areas (1). X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae can cause severe infection in a wide range of mango cultivars and induces raised, angular, black leaf lesions, sometimes with a chlorotic halo. Severe leaf infection may result in abscission. Fruit symptoms appear as small, water-soaked spots on the lenticels that later become star shaped, erumpent, and exude an infectious gum. Often, a “tear stain” infection pattern is observed on the fruit. Severe fruit infections cause premature drop. Twig cankers are potential sources of inoculum and weaken branch resistance to winds. Yield loss up to 85% has been reported at grove scale for susceptible cultivars (1). Suspected leaf lesions of bacterial canker were collected in July 2010 from mango trees in four, six, and three localities of the Koulikoro, Sikasso, and Bougouni provinces of Mali, respectively (i.e., the major mango-growing areas in this country). Nonpigmented Xanthomonas-like colonies were isolated on KC semiselective medium (3). Twenty-two strains from Mali were identified as X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae based on IS1595-ligation-mediated PCR (4) and they produced fingerprints fully identical to that of strains isolated from Ghana and Burkina Faso. Five Malian strains (LH409, LH410, LH414, LH415-3, and LH418) were compared by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to the type strain of X. citri and the pathotype strain of several X. citri pathovars, including pvs. anacardii and mangiferaeindicae. This assay targeted the atpD, dnaK, efp, and gyrB genes, as described previously (2). Nucleotide sequences were 100% identical to those of the pathotype strain of X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae whatever the gene assayed, but differed from any other assayed X. citri pathovar. Leaves of mango cv. Maison Rouge from the youngest vegetative flush were infiltrated (10 inoculation sites per leaf for three replicate leaves on different plants per bacterial strain) with the same five strains from Mali. Bacterial suspensions (~1 × 105 CFU/ml) were prepared in 10 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.2) from 16-h-old cultures on YPGA (7 g of yeast, 7 g of peptone, 7 g of glucose, and 18 g of agar/liter, pH 7.2). The negative control treatment consisted of three leaves infiltrated with sterile Tris buffer (10 sites per leaf). Plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 30 ± 1°C by day and 26 ± 1°C by night (12-h/12-h day/night cycle) at 80 ± 5% relative humidity. All leaves inoculated with the Malian strains showed typical symptoms of bacterial canker a week after inoculation. No lesions were recorded from the negative controls. One month after inoculation, mean X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae population sizes ranging from 5 × 106 to 1 × 107 CFU/lesion were recovered from leaf lesions, typical of a compatible interaction (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease in Mali. Investigations from local growers suggest that the disease may have been present for some years in Mali but likely less than a decade. A high disease incidence and severity were observed, suggesting the suitability of environmental conditions in this region for the development of mango bacterial canker. References: (1) N. Ah-You et al. Phytopathology 97:1568, 2007. (2) L. Bui Thi Ngoc et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:515, 2010. (3) O. Pruvost et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:803, 2005. (4) O. Pruvost et al. Phytopathology 101:887, 2011.

scholarly journals Self-Organizing Map (SOM) in Wind Speed Forecasting: A New Approach in Computational Intelligence (CI) Forecasting Methods

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amin Esmaeili ◽  
Janet Twomey
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Self Organizing Map ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Electricity Grids ◽  
Optimal Maintenance ◽  
Self Organizing

While wind energy has been reported as the fastest growing among different sources of renewable energy, two critical issues are how to make wind energy cost effective and how to integrate it into electricity grids properly. The ability to predict power generated by wind not only allows the most effective integration of wind power into electricity grid but also makes it possible to have an optimal maintenance scheduling that can reduce cost significantly. This research investigates the practical use of Self Organizing Map (SOM) as a special type of neural network based forecasting method. In this paper, forecasting the average, maximum and minimum of one-day-ahead wind speed based on the past wind speed states of the previous 24 hours is the objective.

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