scholarly journals Postharvest Fruit Rots in Apples Caused by Botrytis cinerea, Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis, and Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao ◽  
Y. K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Phacidiopycnis Washingtonensis ◽  
Sphaeropsis Rot

Postharvest fruit rot diseases can be a limiting factor for storage of apples, and identifying target pathogens is the first necessary step for development and implementation of relevant measures for disease control. However, the symptoms of two new diseases, Sphaeropsis rot and speck rot, are similar to those of gray mold, and the two newly recognized diseases are often misdiagnosed as gray mold. The objective of this article is to provide a practical guide to diagnosis of these three diseases in apples. Accepted for publication 14 July 2008. Published 19 September 2008.

Postharvest Fruit Rots in d'Anjou Pears Caused by Botrytis cinerea, Potebniamyces pyri, and Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
The Us ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Sphaeropsis Rot

The ‘d'Anjou’ pear is the major winter pear variety in the US Pacific Northwest, and postharvest fruit rot diseases are a limiting factor for their long-term storage. The symptoms of the newly recognized diseases Phacidiopycnis rot and Sphaeropsis rot are similar to gray mold, and in fact, the new diseases are often misdiagnosed as gray mold. The objective of this article is to provide a practical guide to diagnosis of these three diseases. Accepted for publication 30 May 2006. Published 5 September 2006.

FUNGICIDAL CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA ON FOUR STRAWBERRY VARIETIES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272
Author(s):  
C. O. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Rate

Captan, dichlofluanid at a high and a low rate, thiram, and a mixture of captan and thiram were tested in a field trial to control gray mold fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. on the strawberry varieties Gorella, Midway, Redcoat and Sparkle. The mean marketable yield of the varieties was increased by dichlofluanid (low) and thiram but not by the other treatments over that of non-sprayed plots. Dichlofluanid (high) gave better control of pre-harvest fruit rot than captan. Dichlofluanid (high) significantly reduced mean fruit size. Redcoat yields were higher with the low rate than the high rate of dichlofluanid, but pre-harvest fruit rot control and fruit size did not differ with the two rates. Gorella yields and fruit size were smaller with captan + thiram than with captan or thiram. Thiram reduced fruit size on Midway. The varietal reaction to fungicides suggests that marketable yield is the most important variable in selecting a fungicide for the control of gray mold fruit rot of strawberries.

scholarly journals Severe Outbreak of Leaf Spot and Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Majesty Palm in Southern Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 815-815
Author(s):  
G. Polizzi
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Important Region ◽  
Leaf Tissues

Sicily is the most important region of Italy for ornamental palm cultivation. Majesty palm (Ravenea rivularis Jum. & H. Perrier) is one of the most stately palms for cultivation in the tropics and subtropics, and has been recently cultivated in containers for indoor and outdoor use in eastern Sicily. R. rivularis, which grows on river banks, is native to Madagascar, and appears to behave as a rheophyte in the seedling stage. This palm is not frost tolerant and will grow in full sun but tends to grow best in partly shaded areas or under greenhouses conditions. Between December and March in 1999, 2000, and 2001, a severe leaf spot and blight was observed on young (6-month- to 3-year-old) plants of majesty palm growing in plastic-covered houses and in open fields in nurseries in Sicily. Affected plants had brown necrotic spots and gray mold on the necrotic leaf tissues. No symptoms were detected in mature (4- to 5-year-old) plants grown in the same nurseries. To isolate the casual agent of the disease, 160 small pieces of tissue cut from leaf spots collected in four nurseries were surface sterilized (20 s in HgCl2 at 1 g/liter), washed with sterile water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). In addition, conidia and conidiophores were scraped from the leaf surface, suspended in sterile water, and streaked on the agar surface. After 2 days, single hyphal tips were transferred to PDA. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. was consistently isolated from affected leaf tissues. Colonies of B. cinerea on PDA were at first colorless and became gray to brown with the development of conidia, which ranged from 5.5 to 10 × 7 to 12 μm (average 7.5 × 9). Sclerotia were black, irregular in size and shape, and from 1.4 to 4.5 × 1.5 to 2.7 mm. Inoculating 8-month-old seedlings of R. rivularis tested pathogenicity of six isolates obtained from different nurseries. Wounded (with a needle) and nonwounded leaves of 10 plants (9 wounds per plant) were sprayed with 20 ml of a conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml) of each isolate. An equal number of noninoculated plants were used as controls. All plants where incubated in a greenhouse at ambient temperature (21 ± 2°C) and 72 h of continuous leaf wetness. Five days after inoculation, leaf spots appeared on most of the wounded (approximately 80%) and the nonwounded (about 10%) leaves. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Koch's postulates were satisfied by reisolation of the fungus on PDA. On the basis of 3 years of observations in eastern Sicily, majesty palms were more readily infected by B. cinerea after rainfall, and freezing temperatures injured young plants. Leaf blight caused by B. cinerea was previously reported in Liguria (northern Italy) on Phoenix canariensis (1). The fungus does not appear to be a major disease problem in cultivated ornamental palms other than R. rivularis in Sicily or southern Italy. However, B. cinerea could be a limiting factor in the cultivation of majesty palm in eastern Sicily, and protective fungicides, especially in winter, are necessary for limiting losses. To my knowledge, this is the first report of B. cinerea leaf spot and blight on R. rivularis. Reference: (1) A. Garibaldi et al. Malattie delle piante ornamentali. Calderini Edagricole, Bologna, 2000.

FUNGICIDAL CONTROL OF FRUIT AND FOLIAGE DISEASES OF STRAWBERRY IN NOVA SCOTIA

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-468
Author(s):  
C. O. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Spot Disease

The fungicides captan, dodine, PMA and thiram were used in a field trial for the control of gray mold fruit rot, calyx infections and leaf spot on the strawberry varieties Catskill, Cavalier, Redcoat and Sparkle, and for leaf spot on Louise. Catskill and Redcoat are more susceptible to Botrytis gray mold than Cavalier and Sparkle. A varietal reaction to fungicides was shown by the higher yields obtained on Catskill and Redcoat with thiram and on Cavalier and Sparkle with captan. Most treatments reduced hull infections on all varieties. Thiram was the best material for the control of leaf spot. Disease control was not enhanced by a dormant application of PMA or by the addition of dodine to captan or thiram.

scholarly journals Resistance of Botrytis cinerea to Multiple Fungicides in Northern German Small-Fruit Production

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1263-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland W. S. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Benzimidazole Derivative ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Medium Resistance

During the vegetation period 2010, 353 isolates of Botrytis cinerea from 23 Northern German strawberry, raspberry, highbush blueberry, and redcurrant fields were examined for sensitivity to the benzimidazole derivative thiophanate-methyl and the dicarboximide iprodione, as well as five fungicides currently used against gray mold in Germany. Of all isolates, 40.5% were highly resistant to thiophanate-methyl, 64.0% to iprodione, 45.0% to fenhexamid, 76.8% to trifloxystrobin, 21.5% to boscalid, and 14.7% to cyprodinil. No high resistance to fludioxonil was observed but medium resistance was recorded to fludioxonil as well as cyprodinil (41.1 and 27.2% of all isolates, respectively). In all, 63 isolates were sensitive to all five of the currently registered botryticides whereas 43, 81, 94, 49, and 23 isolates were medium or highly resistant to one, two, three, four, and five fungicides, respectively. Isolates resistant to five fungicides in vitro were capable of causing fruit rot on wounded apple pretreated with any one of the three commercially available products containing fenhexamid, pyraclostrobin plus boscalid, or cyprodinil plus fludioxonil. These results question the sustainability of the current gray mold control strategy relying exclusively on fungicides with specific, single-site modes of action.

scholarly journals Postharvest Fruit Rots of Apple in Greece: Pathogen Incidence and Relationships Between Fruit Quality Parameters, Cultivar Susceptibility, and Patulin Production

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Konstantinou ◽  
G. S. Karaoglanidis ◽  
G. A. Bardas ◽  
I. S. Minas ◽  
E. Doukas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Phenol Concentration ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars

The incidence of pathogens associated with postharvest fruit rots on the four most extensively cultivated apple cultivars (Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, and Fuji) in Greece was surveyed during two consecutive storage periods (2008–09 and 2009–10) in five packinghouses located in northern Greece. The fungi isolated were identified based on their morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing. In the four cultivars sampled, Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea were the predominant pathogens, accounting for averages of 44.2 and 23.6%, respectively, of the pathogens isolated from the sampled fruit. Two other important rot pathogens were Alternaria tenuissima and Mucor pyriformis, accounting for 16.1 and 6.6%, respectively, of the diseased apple fruit. Other pathogens such as Monilinia laxa, M. fructigena, Botryosphaeria obtusa, Geotrichum candidum, Fusarium avenaceum, and F. proliferatum were isolated at low frequencies and are considered of minor importance. Measurements of the resistance level of the four apple cultivars to fruit rot caused by P. expansum and Botrytis cinerea revealed that Golden Delicious was the most susceptible to blue mold while Fuji was the most susceptible to gray mold infections. Susceptibility to gray mold was negatively correlated with flavonoid and phenol concentration as well to fruit antioxidant activity, while susceptibility to blue mold was negatively correlated with fruit firmness and phenol concentration. Patulin production was significantly higher in Red Delicious and Golden Delicious fruit than in Granny Smith and Fuji fruit and was negatively correlated with the acidity of the fruit. The high incidence of P. expansum and A. tenuissima along with the presence of F. avenaceum and F. proliferatum, all of which are potentially mycotoxin producers, emphasize the risk for mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and by-products. Furthermore, information on the distribution of the pathogens on the main cultivars may be useful for the implementation of strategies to control the diseases and minimize the threat of mycotoxin contamination on each cultivar.

scholarly journals Non-Chemical Approaches to Control Postharvest Gray Mold Disease in Bell Peppers

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Charles Krasnow ◽  
Carmit Ziv
Keyword(s):  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Bell Peppers

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a widely grown vegetable crop that is nutritious and flavorful and economically important for growers worldwide. A significant limiting factor in the postharvest storage and long-distance transport of peppers is gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. The pathogen is widespread in nature, highly aggressive, and able to cause disease at cool refrigerated temperatures during transport and storage. Fungicides have been relied on in the past to reduce bell pepper rots in storage; however, concern over residues on the fruit and environmental degradation have heightened the importance of natural and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) solutions that effectively limit disease. Essential oils, plant extracts, inorganic chemicals, biocontrols, defense activators, hot water treatments, and modified storage conditions have been tested to reduce losses from gray mold. Despite significant amounts of research on natural methods of control of B. cinerea postharvest, research specific to gray mold in peppers is limited. The objective of this review is to summarize the research conducted with environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides to control this important pathogen of peppers postharvest. To ensure a steady supply of healthy and nutritious produce, more research is needed on the development, use, and application of non-hazardous Botrytis control methods. Until an effective solution is found, using a combined approach including environmental controls, sanitation, and GRAS products remain paramount to limit Botrytis fruit rot of peppers postharvest.

scholarly journals Disease Incidence—Inoculum Dose Relationships for Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and Decay of Pear Fruit Using Dry, Airborne Conidia

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Spotts ◽  
Louis A. Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Airborne Concentration ◽  
Fruit Decay

The objective of this research was to determine quantitative relationships between incidence of pear fruit decay and inoculum dose of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum using dry conidia applied to wet or dry pears in a settling tower. On wet fruit, incidence of gray mold fruit rot increased from 0.1 to 83.1% as the airborne concentration of B. cinerea conidia increased from 0 to 8.6 spores per liter of air. Significantly less decay occurred in fruit inoculated dry compared to wet, particularly in fruit wounded after inoculation. Incidence of blue mold increased from 1 to 100% as the airborne concentration of P. expansum conidia increased from 0.1 to 803.5 spores per liter of air. Blue mold incidence was not affected by fruit wetness or time of wounding relative to inoculation. All regressions of decay incidence versus airborne and surface conidial concentrations were highly significant (P = 0.01).

scholarly journals Pyrrolnitrin Delays Postharvest Fruit Rot in Strawberries

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Takeda ◽  
W.J. Janisiewicz ◽  
J. Roitman ◽  
N. Mahoney ◽  
F.B. Abeles
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Postharvest Treatment ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Rhizopus Rot

Postharvest treatment with pyrrolnitrin (250 mg·liter-1) and low storage temperatures delay postharvest rot development in fall-harvested `Tribute' strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Untreated fruit stored at 18C developed gray mold fruit rot (Botrytis cinerea) and rhizopus rot (leak) by the second day. Fruit that did not develop gray mold or leak eventually developed blue mold rot (Penicillium spp.). No rot was observed at 1C, but gray mold and rhizopus rots developed after berries were transferred to 18C. Pyrrolnitrin delayed the appearance of the various rots by 2 to 4 days, but did not reduce the rate of rot development. Chemical name used: 3-chloro-4-(2'-nitro-3'-chlorophenyl)pyrrole (pyrrolnitrin).

scholarly journals Botrytis Fruit Rot or Gray Mold of Strawberry

EDIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Mertely ◽  
M. S. Oliveira ◽  
Natalia A Peres
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot

Botrytis fruit rot (BFR), also known as gray mold, is caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea and is one of the most important diseases of strawberry in Florida and worldwide. This 4-page document describes the symptoms and management of BFR among strawberry plants. Written by J. C. Mertely, M. S. Oliveira, and N. A. Peres and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Plant Pathology, February 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp152

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