Development of a Rapid Method Using Oxalic Acid to Assess Resistance Among Hosta Cultivars to Petiole Rot Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Zhihan Xu ◽  
Mark L. Gleason ◽  
Daren S. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Cotton Swab ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Cultivar Screening ◽  
Whole Plants

A rapid assay was developed to assess hosta cultivars for resistance to petiole rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii. Leaves of greenhouse-grown hosta (Hosta kikutii and Hosta spp. cultivars Munchkin, Lemon Lime, Tardiflora, Pearl Lake, Zounds, Gold Drop, Halcyon, and Honeybells) were treated with 20 ml of oxalic acid (50 mM) on a cotton swab, then incubated at 100% relative humidity and 27°C. After 4 days, incidence of leaves with lesions was evaluated. Cultivars Munchkin, Lemon Lime, and Tardiflora had a relatively high incidence of leaves with lesions, whereas Gold Drop and Halcyon had much lower incidence. These results were generally consistent with those of field and greenhouse cultivar screening tests in which whole plants were inoculated with the pathogen and rated for disease incidence. Additional screening methods, including spray application of either oxalic acid or mycelial fragments of S. rolfsii var. delphinii, were not as repeatable or simple to conduct as the cotton swab assay. The cotton swab method showed potential to accelerate identification of highly resistant hosta cultivars, and thereby aid efforts to breed resistance to petiole rot. Accepted for publication 1 December 2008. Published 28 January 2009.

Rapid Screening Methods for Bleeding Disorders. A Three Year Survey

1964 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 506-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A Lovric ◽  
J Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Bleeding Disorders ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Kaolin Clotting Time ◽  
In Infants And Children

SummaryAn adaptation of “kaolin clotting time” and prothrombin time for use on haemolysed capillary blood provided simple and sensitive screening tests suitable for use in infants and children. A survey of three year’s experience shows that these are reliable routine laboratory tests for detection of latent coagulation disorders.

A Comparison of Disease Assessment Methods for Southern Stem Rot of Peanut

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Rideout ◽  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
K. L. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Assessment ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Southern stem rot (caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) traditionally has been assessed based on the percentage of infected 30.5-cm row segments, commonly referred to as disease incidence. Several alternative disease assessment methods were evaluated in four fungicide trials during the growing season (aboveground ratings) and immediately after peanut inversion (belowground ratings). Pearson's correlation coefficients compared disease assessments and yields for all trials. Across all disease assessment methods, belowground assessments at inversion showed a stronger correlation with yield than in-season aboveground assessments. Several of the alternative assessment methods showed a stronger negative correlation with yield than did the traditional disease incidence rating. However, none of the alternative methods were consistently more precise across all assessment dates and trials. There was a significant positive correlation between many of the alternative methods and the traditional disease incidence method. Furthermore, none of the alternative methods was better than the traditional method for detecting differences among fungicide treatments when subjected to ANOVA and subsequent Waller-Duncan mean separation tests (k-ratio = 100). Based on comparisons of the time required to assess disease intensity, the traditional disease assessment method was found to be the most time efficient method of those tested in this study.

scholarly journals A comparative study of various screening tests of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in pregnant women attending Antenatal Outpatient Department’

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
Dr. Savitha B Hiremath ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Outpatient Department ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Urine Microscopy

Introduction: Urinary tract infections are the most common bacterial infections in pregnancy.Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine of an individualwithout symptoms of urinary tract infection. ASB which occurs in 2-11% of pregnancies is a majorpredisposition to the development of pyelonephritis. Aims and objectives: The aims and objectivesof the study were to: Study the effectiveness of various screening tests: urine microscopy, gramstain, catalase test, leukocyte esterase test and nitrite test and to compare their sensitivity,specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Materials and Methods: Thestudy included 500 pregnant women attending the outpatient department over 18 months. The urinesamples collected in sterile containers were screened for urine microscopy, gram stain, catalase test,leukocyte esterase test and nitrite test. The samples were processed on CLED (Cysteine lactoseelectrolyte deficient) agar as the standard against which other screening tests are identified.Results: Gram’s stain (89.34%) was the most sensitive of all and the least reliable test was thecatalase test among the methods of screening tests. Conclusion: Urine culture is considered to bethe gold standard in detecting ASB in pregnant women. Gram’s stain of urine is a good screeningtest when compared to other screening methods. Screening for bacteria in all trimesters isnecessary to prevent the dangerous complications associated with ASB.

Partial resistance of Southern Runner, Arachis hypogaea, to stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii1

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
W. D. Branch ◽  
A. S. Csinos
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Disease Loci

Abstract The susceptibility of 16 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes (eight Virginia and eight runner types) to southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) was evaluated in field tests over three years. Mean disease incidence for all cultivars was 10.0, 15.4 and 16.4 disease loci per 12.2 m row and average yields were 3488, 2826 and 3569 kg/ha in 1986, 1987 and 1988, respectively. Disease incidence averaged 14.3 disease loci per 12.2 m of row for both market types. The mean yield for the eight Virginia types was 3287 kg/ha versus 3214 for the eight runner types. Culitvars within market types varied significantly in disease incidence and pod yield. Of the Virginia types, NC 6 and Florigiant were the most susceptible with NC 9, VA 81B and Early Bunch being the most resistant. Incidence of stem rot in runner cultivars was high except for Southern Runner and Langley which had about 50% less disease than the most susceptible entries. There was a highly significant correlation (P≤0.01) between yields and disease incidence all three years. Overall, Southern Runner had the lowest disease incidence and highest pod yield of any cultivar. Compared to Florunner, the current industry standard for runner types, Southern Runner had about 50% less disease and yields were 1346 kg/ha higher.

scholarly journals Reaction of Select Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Lines to Southern Stem Rot and Pythium Pod Rot Under Varied Disease Pressure

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. D. Smith ◽  
T. E. Boswell ◽  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
C. E. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Disease Pressure

Abstract Eight breeding lines, three parents, and the cultivar Florunner were compared under two levels of disease pressure induced by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., or Pythium myriotylum Drechs. at each of two locations for three years to ascertain the effectiveness of the host plant resistance to each pathogen. Varied disease pressures were created by application of fungicides and supplement of fungal inoculum. Mean Florunner pod yields varied more than 1000 kg/ha as a result of the S. rolfsii treatments but the yields of the resistant TxAG-3 were not affected. Disease incidence, as measured by frequency of S. rolfsii infection sites and diseased pods, was much higher for Florunner than TxAG-3. Breeding lines for which TxAG-3 was a parent sustained significant yield reductions. The disease incidence in these lines was higher than the resistant parent, equal or less than Tamnut 74, their other parent, and less than Florunner. The grades of TxAG-3 and its derivatives were lower than Florunner. Pod rot incidence differed for the P. myriotylum treatments but pod yields were not different. TxAG-3 and Toalson sustained less pod disease than Florunner and Tamnut 74. The percent of diseased pod tissue for one derivative of Toalson was lower than Toalson and TxAG-3, and that of one TxAG-3 derivative was equal to its best parent. The breeding lines varied in reaction to the two diseases and some lines showed considerable resistance to both organisms.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Characterization of Heterogeneous Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from 14 Cities in China

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 3642-3649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjia Sun ◽  
Hongbin Chen ◽  
Yudong Liu ◽  
Chunjiang Zhao ◽  
Wright W. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Screening Cascade

ABSTRACT The prevalence of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) among 1,012 vancomycin-susceptible methicillin (meticillin)-resistant S. aureus isolates collected from 14 cities in China from 2005 to 2007 was 13 to 16%, as determined by a combination of (i) measurement by the modified population analysis profile-area under the curve method (PAP-AUC) and (ii) estimation from the measured sensitivity and specificity of a screening method. Two hundred isolates from blood were chosen as a subset for measurement of the sensitivities and the specificities of several previously described screening methods by using the results of PAP-AUC as the reference. During this testing, one isolate was found to be a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain so was not used in the evaluation of the screening tests. Of the other 199 isolates, 26 (13.1%) were hVISA, as assessed by PAP-AUC. A screening cascade of culturing the isolates on brain heart infusion agar containing teicoplanin (5 mg/liter) and then subjecting the positive isolates to a macro-Etest method was applied to the 812 non-blood isolates, yielding 149 positive results. From these results and by adjusting for sensitivity (0.423) and specificity (0.861), the prevalence was estimated to be 15.7%. The precision of that estimate was assessed by reapplying the screening cascade to 120 randomly selected isolates from the 812 non-blood isolates and simultaneously determining their heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate susceptibility status by PAP-AUC. Because PAP-AUC is impractical for use with large numbers of isolates, the screening-based estimation method is useful as a first approximation of the prevalence of hVISA. Of the 27 VISA or hVISA isolates from blood, 22.2% and 74.1% were staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec types II and III, respectively, while 77.8% and 22.2% were agr type 1 and agr type 2, respectively; the MIC ranges were 0.5 to 4 mg/liter for vancomycin and 0.25 to 1 mg/liter for daptomycin.

Neonatal Screening for Cystic Fibrosis: Position Paper

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lynn M. Taussig ◽  
Thomas F. Boat ◽  
Delbert Dayton ◽  
Norman Fost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Neonatal Screening ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

Neonatal screening represents the search for a disorder in a general newborn population. The purpose of screening may be to improve the health of the affected infant, to provide counseling, or for research. Screening tests have been widely accepted for conditions such as phenylketonuria, hypothyroidism, and other metabolic conditions. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal genetic disorder among the white population (with a lower incidence among blacks), and thus there has been interest in screening newborns for CF1 However, proposals emanating from this interest have remained controversial.2-4 The recent development of a relatively simple test—the dried blood immuno-reactive trypsinogen (IRT) assay—has increased this interest.5-12 Besides considering technical reliability and validity of newborn screening methods, it is crucial that all other aspects of screening (including medical, ethical, psychosocial, and economic aspects) be rigorously examined before implementing mass screening.13-15 To address these issues the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation convened a Task Force on Neonatal Screening. Although the Task Force considered the current status of the IRT test, it focused on the generally accepted criteria for newborn screening, summarized in the Table,14 and the relationship of these criteria to the present state of knowledge related to CF. The issues identified by the Task Force, are summarized in this paper, and recommendations are presented at the conclusion. EFFECTIVENESS OF PRESYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT Evidence suggesting that the initiation of treatment before clinical manifestations of CF first appear improves prognosis has been controversial. Whereas some studies have yielded supportive data,16 others have not.4 There are no generally accepted treatment protocols for use in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients.

Addressing Fouling by Qualifying Chemical Additives Using Novel Technologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Robert Farrell ◽  
Dario Marcello Frigo ◽  
Gordon Michael Graham ◽  
Robert Stalker ◽  
Ernesto Ivan Diestre Redondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Laboratory Techniques ◽  
Prediction And Prevention

Abstract Fouling of heat exchangers and production of stable emulsions in desalting units can present significant challenges in refinery operations. Often these difficulties occur due to the concurrent processing of two or more crude oils that are incompatible under process conditions. This paper describes a significant development in laboratory techniques for studying these issues and evaluating mitigation strategies. Asphaltenes compatibility was evaluated for oil mixtures that may be co-processed in the refinery using a deposition flow rig, and the results were compared with those obtained with more conventional tests: blending stability analysis by light scattering and various screening methods. The flow rig mimics the process conditions (elevated pressure, high temperature, flow-induced shear) and identifies whether deposition or precipitation will occur. The former can cause fouling of heat exchangers whereas the latter produces solids that can stabilize emulsions in the desalter. By varying the proportions of oils that were co-injected into the deposition flow rig, the range within which mixtures were unstable was found. By flowing through a capillary (to mimic a heat exchanger) and in-line filter, it was possible to identify whether precipitation of suspended flocs or fouling of the heat exchanger itself was the likely issue for each mixture. Emulsion-stability tests were conducted using a pressurized rig with an ersatz separator to mimic the desalting unit; results were compared with those obtained in conventional, ambient-pressure bottle tests. Oil(s) and refinery wash water were injected, mixed under representative shear, and allowed to separate within the typical residence time of the desalter. Chemical additives were tested to identify those that were effective at controlling any observed problems. Results obtained in either flow rig (using representative pressure, temperature, and shear) did not always match those obtained using conventional methods. Asphaltenes fouling occurred under conditions where it was not predicted by screening tests that were conducted at conditions not representative of the process and did not occur under conditions where it was predicted. Differences were also observed between the emulsion stability observed in bottle versus rig tests, though these should be viewed as complementary techniques. This paper presents new laboratory techniques for the prediction and prevention of refinery fouling and emulsion stability. They mimic conditions in the facilities much better than those typically used to date.

scholarly journals Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Europe: The Transition Towards HPV Vaccination and Population-Based HPV Testing

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Chrysostomou ◽  
Dora Stylianou ◽  
Anastasia Constantinidou ◽  
Leondios Kostrikis
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Hpv Testing ◽  
Screening Programs

Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequently occurring cancer in women around the world and can affect them during their reproductive years. Since the development of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, screening has been essential in identifying cervical cancer at a treatable stage. With the identification of the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent of essentially all cervical cancer cases, HPV molecular screening tests and HPV vaccines for primary prevention against the virus have been developed. Accordingly, comparative studies were designed to assess the performance of cervical cancer screening methods in order to devise the best screening strategy possible. This review critically assesses the current cervical cancer screening methods as well as the implementation of HPV vaccination in Europe. The most recent European Guidelines and recommendations for organized population-based programs with HPV testing as the primary screening method are also presented. Lastly, the current landscape of cervical cancer screening programs is assessed for both European Union member states and some associated countries, in regard to the transition towards population-based screening programs with primary HPV testing.

scholarly journals TRIO Method for Detection of Beta-Lactams, Sulfonamides, and Tetracyclines in Raw Commingled Cows' Milk

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 1366-1377
Author(s):  
Robert S Salter ◽  
R J Markovsky ◽  
D W Douglas ◽  
S J Saul ◽  
A C Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Antibiotic Drug ◽  
One Step ◽  
Verification Tools

Abstract A qualitative 3 min one-step assay for detecting beta-lactam, sulfonamide, and tetracycline antibiotics was validated following milk screening test guidelines developed by FDA-CVM, AOAC-RI, and IDF. The validated 90% detection levels with 95% confidence were: penicillin G 2 part per billion (ppb); amoxicillin 4 ppb; ampicillin 9 ppb; ceftiofur plus metabolites 50 ppb; cloxacillin 9 ppb; cephapirin 15 ppb; sulfadimethoxine 8 ppb; sulfamethazine 9 ppb; chlortetracycline 34 ppb; oxytetracycline 53 ppb; and tetracycline 42 ppb. Detection levels were lower than U.S. and Canadian allowable limits for milk and were consistent with most European Maximum Residue Limits. Tests of raw commingled cows’ milk indicated a low positive error rate of <0.3% with no interferences demonstrated by 1.08 MM/mL somatic cells, Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria < 300 K/mL, freeze/thawing, or non-targeted drugs. Detection of incurred residues were similar to, or more sensitive to, fortified samples. Some cross reactivity across drug families occurred in interference studies and therefore initial positive samples should be confirmed with drug family specific screening methods. The National Conference of Interstate Milk Shipments approval as a bulk tank/tanker screening test was completed in three stages for each drug family, including a tetracycline confirmation procedure to target U.S. tolerance levels. Detection and robustness were found to be appropriate for multiple countries’ regulatory requirements for screening tests. The method development, validation, and approval was intended to diversify and increase the verification tools for the control of the major antibiotic drug families used in managing cows’ health and welfare.

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