Quantification of Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Bean pod mottle virus at Different Spatial Scales

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
E. Byamukama ◽  
A. E. Robertson ◽  
F. W. Nutter
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Prevalent Virus ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Field Plots

Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is the most prevalent virus infecting soybean (Glycine max) in the United States; however, the temporal and spatial dynamics in BPMV at varying spatial scales has not been elucidated. To quantify the temporal and spatial dynamics of BPMV at a field scale, a quadrat-based method was developed in which six soybean rows, each consisting of 30-cm-long quadrats, were established within soybean cv. NE3001 field plots (i.e., 150 quadrats per plot) in BPMV-inoculated and non-inoculated plots. Quadrats were sampled by selecting the youngest fully expanded leaflet from each of four plants within each quadrat beginning 25 days after planting, and continued at 8- to 11-day intervals until crop senescence. Leaf sap was extracted from each 4-leaflet (bulked) sample (from each quadrat), and tested for presence of the BPMV by ELISA. Quadrat position (plot, row, and quadrat number) and the date of sampling that each quadrat first tested positive for BPMV was recorded and mapped. The rate of BPMV incidence in 2006 ranged from 0.09 to 0.12 logits/day, indicating that BPMV incidence was doubling every 5.3 to 7.7 days in 2006. Doubling times for BPMV incidence in 2007 were slower, ranging from 17.3 to 34.7 days. Analysis of spatial patterns using ordinary runs revealed that BPMV-infected quadrats were predominantly clustered within both BPMV-inoculated and non-inoculated plots throughout both growing seasons. In addition to within field plot studies, a threeyear statewide disease survey (2005-2007) was conducted in Iowa to quantify county and field scale BPMV prevalence and incidence by systematically selecting 30 plants/soybean field (8 to 16 soybean fields per county). Leaf samples were then tested for BPMV by ELISA and county-level BPMV incidence maps were generated using ArcGIS software. End-of-season BPMV prevalence was 39/96 counties in 2005 (40%), 90/99 counties in 2006 (90.1%), and 74/99 counties in 2007 (74.7%). The incidence of BPMV within Iowa counties ranged from 0 to 100% and BPMV incidence significantly increased statewide from north to south. Spatial autocorrelation (dependence) analysis using Moran's I revealed clustering for BPMV incidence among Iowa counties, indicating that BPMV incidence among counties was not random. The elucidation of the within-field temporal and spatial dynamics of BPMV and the statewide geographic distribution of BPMV in Iowa has important implications with regards to sampling, plant disease forensics, BPMV management, and risk prediction of BPMV. Accepted for publication 28 January 2010. Published 26 May 2010.

scholarly journals Geospatial and Temporal Analyses of Bean pod mottle virus Epidemics in Soybean at Three Spatial Scales

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Byamukama ◽  
S. K. Eggenberger ◽  
R. A. Coelho-Netto ◽  
A. E. Robertson ◽  
F. W. Nutter
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
County Scale

A statewide survey was carried out from 2005 through 2007 to quantify, map, and analyze the spatial dynamics and seasonal patterns of Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) prevalence and incidence within Iowa. In all, 8 to 16 soybean fields were arbitrarily sampled from 96 counties in 2005 and all 99 counties in 2006 and 2007. Field- and county-scale BPMV prevalence and incidence data were mapped using geographic information systems software. BPMV prevalence was highest in the 2006 soybean growing season, when BPMV was detected in 38.7% of all soybean fields, 91.9% of all counties, and 100% of the agricultural climate districts. BPMV incidence at the field scale was highest in 2006, when mean statewide end-of-season incidence was 24.4%. Spatial analyses indicated that BPMV incidence was spatially clustered at the county scale in all three growing seasons. Prevalence at the county scale was clustered in 2005 and 2007 but not in 2006. Semivariogram analyses at the field scale indicated the presence of significant (P ≤ 0.05) spatial dependence (clustering) at distances ≤23.4 km in 2005, 297.7 km in 2006, and 45.2 km in 2007. Data for county-scale incidence displayed a north (low incidence) to south (high incidence) BPMV gradient in each year of the survey. High county-scale BPMV prevalence and incidence levels in 2006 were significantly associated with BPMV prevalence and incidence in 2007 (P ≤ 0.05). Soybean fields with narrow row spacings (≤38 cm) were associated with higher levels of BPMV incidence. Soybean fields infected with BPMV had a higher probability of infection by Phomopsis pod and stem blight than did non-BPMV-infected fields. This study provides new quantitative tools and information to better understand the seasonal, temporal, and geographical distribution of BPMV disease risk at several spatial scales.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Within-Field Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Bean pod mottle virus in Soybean

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Byamukama ◽  
A. E. Robertson ◽  
F. W. Nutter
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Beetle Population ◽  
Bean Leaf Beetle ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

The prevalence and incidence of Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) have been reported to be on the increase in the United States but little is known about the temporal and spatial dynamics of this virus within soybean (Glycine max) fields. A quadrat-based sampling method was developed to quantify the within-field spread of BPMV in soybean in 2006 and 2007. Twenty-five 30-cm-long quadrats were established within each row of soybean in field plots consisting of six rows, each 7.6 m long and spaced 0.76 m apart. Four treatments were used to influence the temporal and spatial dynamics of BPMV epidemics. Treatments were: (i) establishment of a point source of BPMV inoculum within soybean plots; (ii) lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide applied at the V1 and R2 growth stages; (iii) establishment of a BPMV inoculum point source, plus the application of foliar insecticide sprays at the V1 and R2 growth stages; and (iv) a nontreated, noninoculated control. All quadrats (census) were sampled beginning 25 days after planting; sampling continued every 8 to 11 days until plants were senescent. Sap from leaf samples was extracted and tested for BPMV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The incidence of BPMV per treatment was plotted against time to produce BPMV incidence curves for temporal analyses. In addition, positions of BPMV-positive quadrats were mapped for spatial analyses. BPMV was detected within soybean plots on the first sampling date in 2006 (30 May) and on the second sampling date in 2007 (21 June). The rate of BPMV temporal spread within treatments ranged from 0.11 to 0.13 logits/day in 2006 and from 0.05 to 0.07 logits/day in 2007. Doubling times for BPMV incidence among treatments ranged from 5.4 to 6.4 days in 2006 and from 10.0 to 14.1 days in 2007. Soybean plots that had the earliest dates of BPMV detection within quadrats (x) also had the highest BPMV incidence (y) at the end of the growing season (R2 = 66.5 and 70.4% for 2006 and 2007, respectively). Spatial analyses using ordinary runs, black-white join-counts, and spatial autocorrelation revealed highly aggregated spatial patterns of BPMV-infected quadrats over time. Bean leaf beetle population densities were linearly related to BPMV incidence (P < 0.0001) in both years, indicating that BPMV epidemics were greatly influenced by bean leaf beetle population density. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify the seasonal temporal and spatial dynamics of BPMV spread within soybean.

scholarly journals The Value of Citizen Science in Increasing Our Knowledge of Under-Sampled Biodiversity: An Overview of Public Documentation of Auchenorrhyncha and the Hoppers of North Carolina

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle D. Kittelberger ◽  
Solomon V. Hendrix ◽  
Çağan Hakkı Şekercioğlu
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Due to the increasing popularity of websites specializing in nature documentation, there has been a surge in the number of people enthusiastic about observing and documenting nature over the past 2 decades. These citizen scientists are recording biodiversity on unprecedented temporal and spatial scales, rendering data of tremendous value to the scientific community. In this study, we investigate the role of citizen science in increasing knowledge of global biodiversity through the examination of notable contributions to the understanding of the insect suborder Auchenorrhyncha, also known as true hoppers, in North America. We have compiled a comprehensive summary of citizen science contributions—published and unpublished—to the understanding of hopper diversity, finding over fifty previously unpublished country and state records as well as dozens of undescribed and potentially undescribed species. We compare citizen science contributions to those published in the literature as well as specimen records in collections in the United States and Canada, illuminating the fact that the copious data afforded by citizen science contributions are underutilized. We also introduce the website Hoppers of North Carolina, a revolutionary new benchmark for tracking hopper diversity, disseminating knowledge from the literature, and incorporating citizen science. Finally, we provide a series of recommendations for both the entomological community and citizen science platforms on how best to approach, utilize, and increase the quality of sightings from the general public.

scholarly journals Response of Soybean Cultivars to Bean pod mottle virus Infection

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy D. Ziems ◽  
Loren J. Giesler ◽  
George L. Graef ◽  
Margaret G. Redinbaugh ◽  
Jean L. Vacha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
The North ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
The Impact

Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) has become increasingly common in soybean throughout the north-central region of the United States. Yield loss assessments on southern soybean germplasm have reported reductions ranging from 3 to 52%. Currently, no soybean cultivars have been identified with resistance to BPMV. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of BPMV infection on soybean cultivars representing a broad range of northern soybean germ-plasm by comparing inoculated and noninoculated soybean plants in paired row studies. In all, 30 and 24 cultivars were evaluated in Nebraska (NE) in which soybean plants were inoculated at the V3 to V4 growth stage. Eleven cultivars from public and breeding lines were inoculated at the VC and R5 to R6 growth stages in Ohio (OH). Disease severity, yield, and percent seed coat mottling were assessed at both locations, whereas protein and oil content also were assessed at NE. Yield and percent seed coat mottling was significantly reduced following inoculation at the VC (OH) and V3 to V4 (NE) growth stages. In addition, seed oil and protein composition were impacted in 1 of the 2 years of the study. This study demonstrates that substantial yield losses can occur in soybean due to BPMV infection. In addition, protein and oil may be affected depending on the environment during the production season.

scholarly journals Distribution of Leaf-Feeding Beetles and Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in Illinois and Transmission of BPMV in Soybean

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Mabry ◽  
H. A. Hobbs ◽  
T. A. Steinlage ◽  
B. B. Johnson ◽  
W. L. Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
The State ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Cerotoma Trifurcata ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
East Central ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Central Illinois

Bean leaf beetles (BLB; Cerotoma trifurcata) were collected in soybean (Glycine max) fields in 58 and 99 Illinois counties surveyed during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons, respectively. In 2000, BLB counts were highest in the central portion of the state. BLB counts were lower the following year, but were more uniformly distributed throughout the state. BLB tested positive for Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in 37 of 41 counties assayed in 2000. In 2001, BLB tested positive for BPMV in 86 of 99 counties sampled. In 2000 and 2001, western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) adults were abundant in soybean fields only in east central Illinois. WCR adults tested positive for BPMV in 21 of 21 east central Illinois counties in 2000 and 20 of 24 sampled in 2001. BPMV was detected in soybean plants in 38 of 46 counties sampled in 2000. Field-collected WCR adults transmitted BPMV to potted soybean plants at low rates either directly from BPMV-infected soybean fields or with prior feeding on BPMV-infected plants. This is the first report of the distribution of BLB, WCR adults, and BPMV in Illinois and of BPMV transmission by adult WCR.

Incidence of Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bean pod mottle virus, and Soybean mosaic virus in Nebraska Soybean Fields

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren J. Giesler ◽  
Amy D. Ziems
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
North Central Region ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North

The incidence of soybean viruses is increasing across the North Central Region of the United States as indicated by survey efforts and grower reports from several states. To determine the level of virus infection in Nebraska, we surveyed soybean fields for two consecutive years. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was detected in 52% of the fields in 2001 and in 56% of fields in 2002. The incidence of Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) varied more, with 54% of fields testing positive in 2001 and 91% testing positive in 2002. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) was not detected in 2001, but it was detected in 31% of fields in 2002. The widespread distribution of detected SMV in 2002 is suggestive of introduction with seed. The incidence of BPMV was significantly higher in fields planted earlier than the recommended optimum planting date in one of the two years studied. The widespread incidence of AMV and BPMV and the irregular occurrence of SMV indicate that further studies of soybean viral diseases in Nebraska are warranted. Accepted for publication 13 March 2006. Published 24 April 2006.

Temporal and spatial dynamics of predation in a robber fly (Efferia staminea) population (Diptera: Asilidae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1546-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Prey Availability ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Generalist Predator ◽  
Robber Flies ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

To determine the effect of short-term temporal and small-scale spatial variation in availability of specific prey groups, field studies of prey use by a population of the robber fly Efferia staminea were undertaken. In one study, the appearance of mating swarms of winged males of the ant Formica subpolita was associated with a rapid increase in the proportion of E. staminea observed feeding, and an increase in the proportion of these ants taken as prey. The change in diet occurred over the same time scale as the change in the activity of the ants. When the swarms were absent from the same area, the fewer E. staminea observed feeding utilized a greater diversity of prey taxa and sizes. The proportion of conspecifics in prey records during swarms of F. subpolita was only one-tenth of that during non-swarm intervals, suggesting that high alternative prey availability decreases the incidence of cannibalism in this species. In the second study, E. staminea used a wider diversity of prey on an area of grassland with native vegetation than on a nearby area of grassland that had been reseeded with the grass Agropyron intermedium as part of a range-management program. In the latter area, a large population of crambine moths supplied a major portion of the robber flies' diet. The results of this population-level study illustrate the fine scale over which the composition of the diet of E. staminea varies, and show that the diet of a generalist predator is a function of the temporal and spatial scales over which sampling occurs. The implications of the data for interpreting the composition of the diet, population dynamics, and impact upon prey communities of robber flies are discussed.

Temporal and spatial dynamics of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. P. Tousignant ◽  
Andres M. Perez ◽  
James F. Lowe ◽  
Paul E. Yeske ◽  
Robert B. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

scholarly journals Novel Naturally Occurring Bean pod mottle virus Reassortants with Mixed Heterologous RNA1 Genomes

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongcang Gu ◽  
Chunquan Zhang ◽  
Said A. Ghabrial
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Bean Pod Mottle Virus ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Bipartite Genome ◽  
Distinct Strain

The comovirus Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is widespread in the soybean-growing regions in the United States. It has a bipartite genome consisting of RNA1 and RNA2, which are encapsidated separately. We previously have reported the occurrence in nature of two distinct subgroups of BPMV strains (subgroups I and II), as well as reassortants between the two subgroups. Here, we report the isolation and molecular characterization of naturally occurring partial diploid reassortant strains, which are diploid for RNA1 and haploid for RNA2. Whereas the RNA1s of the partial diploids are derived from two distinct strain subgroups (I and II), the RNA2 is derived from either subgroup I or II. The partial diploid strains induced strikingly severe symptoms on soybean, which could be explained based on the presence of two distinct RNA1s in the same plant. This conclusion was supported by the finding that pseudo-recombinants constructed with two diverse RNA1s induced very severe symptoms on soybean that mimicked those produced by the naturally occurring partial diploids. No enhancement of symptom severity was observed with pseudorecombinants constructed with closely related RNA1s. Likewise, no enhancement of symptom severity was noted with pseudo-recombinants that are diploid for RNA2 and haploid for RNA1. The potential role of genetic reassortment in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of BPMV is discussed.

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