scholarly journals Mechanism of Action and Efficacy of Seed Meal-Induced Pathogen Suppression Differ in a Brassicaceae Species and Time-Dependent Manner

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Mazzola ◽  
Jack Brown ◽  
Antonio D. Izzo ◽  
Michael F. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental System ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Streptomyces Spp ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Pathogen Suppression ◽  
Relative Differences

The effect of seed meals derived from Brassica juncea, B. napus, or Sinapis alba on suppression of soilborne pathogens inciting replant disease of apple was evaluated in greenhouse trials. Regardless of plant source, seed meal amendment significantly improved apple growth in all orchard soils; however, relative differences in pathogen suppression were observed. All seed meals suppressed root infection by native Rhizoctonia spp. and an introduced isolate of Rhizoctonia solani AG-5, though B. juncea seed meal often generated a lower level of disease control relative to other seed meal types. When introduction of the pathogen was delayed until 4 to 8 weeks post seed meal amendment, disease suppression was associated with proliferation of resident Streptomyces spp. and not qualitative or quantitative attributes of seed meal glucosinolate content. Using the same experimental system, when soils were pasteurized prior to pathogen infestation, control of R. solani was eliminated regardless of seed meal type. In the case of B. juncea seed meal amendment, the mechanism of R. solani suppression varied in a temporal manner, which initially was associated with the generation of allylisothiocyanate and was not affected by soil pasteurization. Among those tested, only B. juncea seed meal did not stimulate orchard soil populations of Pythium spp. and infection of apple roots by these oomycetes. Although application of B. napus seed meal alone consistently induced an increase in Pythium spp. populations, no significant increase in Pythium spp. populations was observed in response to a composite B. juncea and B. napus seed meal amendment. Suppression of soil populations and root infestation by Pratylenchus spp. was dependent upon seed meal type, with only B. juncea providing sustained nematode control. Collectively, these studies suggest that use of a composite B. juncea and B. napus seed meal mixture can provide superior control of the pathogen complex inciting apple replant disease relative to either seed meal used alone.

scholarly journals Interaction of Brassicaceae Seed Meal Soil Amendment and Apple Rootstock Genotype on Microbiome Structure and Replant Disease Suppression

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Likun Wang ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Orchard Soil

Preplant soil application of a Brassica juncea–Sinapis alba seed meal formulation (SM) at a rate of 6.6 t ha−1 alters composition of the orchard soil microbiome in a manner that yields sustainable long-term suppression of soilborne pathogens in apple production systems. However, the cost of SM amendment has hindered the adoption of this tactic to manage apple replant disease in commercial orchards. Greenhouse trials were conducted to assess the effect of reduced SM application rates in concert with apple rootstock genotype on structure of the rhizosphere microbiome and associated disease control outcomes. At all application rates assessed, SM treatment increased tree growth and reduced disease development relative to the control. In general, total tree biomass and leader shoot length were similar in soils treated with SM at 4.4 or 6.6 t ha−1 regardless of rootstock genotype. Equivalent increase in tree biomass when cultivated in soil treated at the lowest and highest SM amendment rate was attained when used in conjunction with G.41 or G.210 apple rootstocks. Suppression of Pythium spp. or Pratylenchus penetrans root densities was similar at all SM application rates. When cultivated in nontreated replant orchard soil, Geneva rootstocks (G.41 and G.210) exhibited lower levels of Pythium spp. and P. penetrans root colonization relative to Malling rootstocks (M.9 and MM.106). For a given rootstock, structure of the rhizosphere microbiome was similar in soils treated with SM at 4.4 and 6.6 t ha−1. G.41 and G.210 rootstocks but not M.9 or MM.106 cultivated in soil treated with SM at 2.2 t ha−1 possessed a rhizosphere bacterial community structure that differed significantly from the control. Findings indicate that effective control of apple replant disease may be attained at lower SM amendment rates than employed previously, with lower effective rates possible when integrated with tolerant rootstock genotypes such as G.41 or G.210.

scholarly journals Suppression of Specific Apple Root Pathogens by Brassica napus Seed Meal Amendment Regardless of Glucosinolate Content

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Mazzola ◽  
David M. Granatstein ◽  
Donald C. Elfving ◽  
Kent Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Fluorescent Pseudomonas ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Microbial Complex ◽  
The Impact

The impact of Brassica napus seed meal on the microbial complex that incites apple replant disease was evaluated in greenhouse trials. Regardless of glucosinolate content, seed meal amendment at a rate of 0.1% (vol/vol) significantly enhanced growth of apple and suppressed apple root infection by Rhizoctonia spp. and Pratylenchus penetrans. High glucosinolate B. napus cv. Dwarf Essex seed meal amendments did not consistently suppress soil populations of Pythium spp. or apple root infection by this pathogen. Application of a low glucosinolate containing B. napus seed meal at a rate of 1.0% (vol/vol) resulted in a significant increase in recovery of Pythium spp. from apple roots, and a corresponding reduction in apple seedling root biomass. When applied at lower rates, B. napus seed meal amendments enhanced populations of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., but these bacteria were not recovered from soils amended with seed meal at a rate of 2% (vol/vol). Seed meal amendments resulted in increased soil populations of total bacteria and actinomycetes. B. napus cv. Dwarf Essex seed meal amendments were phytotoxic to apple when applied at a rate of 2% (vol/vol), and phytotoxicity was not diminished when planting was delayed for as long as 12 weeks after application. These findings suggest that B. napus seed meal amendments can be a useful tool in the management of apple replant disease and, in the case of Rhizoctonia spp., that disease control operates through mechanisms other than production of glucosinolate hydrolysis products.

scholarly journals Interaction of Brassicaceous Seed Meal and Apple Rootstock on Recovery of Pythium spp. and Pratylenchus penetrans from Roots Grown in Replant Soils

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Mazzola ◽  
Jack Brown ◽  
Xiaowen Zhao ◽  
Antonio D. Izzo ◽  
Gennaro Fazio
Keyword(s):  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Lesion Nematode

Pythium spp. and Pratylenchus penetrans are significant components of the diverse pathogen complex that incites apple replant disease in Washington State. The structure of the Pythium population differs among orchard soils but is composed of multiple pathogenic species. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of brassicaceous seed meals and apple rootstock on the activity and composition of these pathogen populations. Brassicaceous seed meals differed in capacity to suppress Pythium numbers and apple root infection, as well as differentially transformed composition of the population recovered from apple roots. Brassica juncea seed meal (SM) was the sole seed meal examined to suppress Pythium numbers and root infection; however, a persisting population was always detected in which Pythium irregulare existed as the dominant or co-dominant species. In general, the Geneva series rootstocks were less susceptible to root infection by native populations of Pythium, whereas M26, MM106, and MM111 were highly susceptible. Apple rootstocks from the Geneva series consistently supported lower populations of P. penetrans than did Malling or Malling-Merton rootstocks. B. juncea SM was superior to Brassica napus SM or Sinapis alba SM in suppressing lesion nematode populations. Significant rootstock × seed meal interaction was detected, and nematode suppression in response to B. napus or S. alba SM was only observed when used in concert with a tolerant rootstock, while B. juncea SM suppressed lesion nematode root populations irrespective of rootstock. These findings demonstrate that utilization of brassicaceous seed meal amendments for replant disease suppression must employ an appropriate rootstock in order to achieve optimal disease control.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Reduced Rate Brassicaceae Seed Meal Amendment and Rootstock Genotype on the Microbiome and Control of Apple Replant Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1378-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Likun Wang ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Reduced Rate

An orchard field trial was conducted to assess the utility of reduced rate Brassicaceae seed meal (SM) amendment in concert with specific rootstock genotypes for effective control of apple replant disease. Three amendment rates of a 1:1 formulation of Brassica juncea-Sinapis alba SM were compared with preplant 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin soil fumigation for disease control efficacy. When applied at the highest rate (6.6 t ha−1) in the spring of planting, SM caused significant phytotoxicity and tree mortality, which was higher for Gala/M.26 than for Gala/G.41 but was not observed at SM application rates of 2.2 or 4.4 t ha−1. SM treatment resulted in growth and yield increases of Gala/M.26 and Gala/G.41 trees in a manner similar to the fumigation treatment and significantly greater than the no treatment control. Tree growth in soils treated with SM at 4.4 t ha−1 was similar or superior to that obtained with SM at 6.6 t ha−1 and superior to that attained at an SM application rate of 2.2 t ha−1. Soil fumigation and all SM treatments reduced Pratylenchus penetrans root infestation relative to the control treatment at the end of the initial growing season. Lesion nematode root densities in the fumigation treatment, but not SM treatments, rapidly recovered and were indistinguishable from the control at the end of the second growing season. Soil fumigation and all SM treatments significantly suppressed Pythium spp. root infection relative to the control. Trees grafted to rootstock G.41 possessed lower P. penetrans root densities relative to trees grafted to rootstock M.26. One year after planting, composition of microbial communities from SM-amended soils was distinct from those detected in control and fumigated soils, and the differences were amplified with increasing SM application rate. Specific fungal and bacterial phyla associated with suppression of plant pathogens were more abundant in SM-treated soil relative to the control, and they were similar in abundance in 4.4- and 6.6-t ha−1 SM treatments. Findings from this study demonstrated that use of the appropriate apple rootstock genotype will allow for effective replant disease control at SM application rates significantly less than that utilized previously (6.6 t ha−1).

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Apple Root Transcriptome as Affected by Rootstock Genotype and Brassicaceae Seed Meal Soil Amendment: Implications for Plant Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 763
Author(s):  
Likun Wang ◽  
Tracey S. Somera ◽  
Heidi Hargarten ◽  
Loren Honaas ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Root Transcriptome ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Amended Soil

Brassicaceae seed meal (SM) soil amendment has been utilized as an effective strategy to control the biological complex of organisms, which includes oomycetes, fungi, and parasitic nematodes, that incites the phenomenon termed apple replant disease. Soil-borne disease control attained in response to Brassicaceae SM amendment is reliant on multiple chemical and biological attributes, including specific SM-generated modifications to the soil/rhizosphere microbiome. In this study, we conducted a comparative analyses of apple root gene expression as influenced by rootstock genotype combined with a seed meal (SM) soil amendment. Apple replant disease (ARD) susceptible (M.26) and tolerant (G.210) rootstocks cultivated in SM-amended soil exhibited differential gene expression relative to corresponding non-treated control (NTC) orchard soil. The temporal dynamics of gene expression indicated that the SM-amended soil system altered the trajectory of the root transcriptome in a genotype-specific manner. In both genotypes, the expression of genes related to plant defense and hormone signaling were altered in SM-amended soil, suggesting SM-responsive phytohormone regulation. Altered gene expression was temporally associated with changes in rhizosphere microbiome density and composition in the SM-treated soil. Gene expression analysis across the two rootstocks cultivated in the pathogen-infested NTC soil showed genotype-specific responses indicative of different defensive strategies. These results are consistent with previously described resistance mechanisms of ARD “tolerant” rootstock cultivars and also add to our understanding of the multiple mechanisms by which SM soil amendment and the resulting rhizosphere microbiome affect apple rootstock physiology. Future studies which assess transcriptomic and metagenomic data in parallel will be important for illuminating important connections between specific rhizosphere microbiota, gene-regulation, and plant health.

scholarly journals Comparative Field Efficacy of Management Strategies Containing Brassica napus Seed Meal or Green Manure for the Control of Apple Replant Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 1207-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Mazzola ◽  
Kent Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease

Alternative management strategies to the use of preplant soil fumigation for the control of apple replant disease (ARD), including cover crops and strategies incorporating Brassica napus seed meal (rape seed meal [RSM]) amendment as the central component, were evaluated in the orchard. A 1-year wheat cover crop consisting of three short-term cropping periods with plant material removed at the end of each growth period and a 3-year B. napus green manure significantly enhanced vegetative growth and yield of Gala/M26. However, in each instance, the resulting disease control and growth response were inferior to that achieved through preplant methyl bromide soil fumigation. A 3-year bare fallow and 1- or 2-year B. napus green manure neither suppressed disease development nor enhanced tree growth. Preplant RSM amendment in conjunction with a postplant mefenoxam soil drench provided effective suppression of ARD, and the resulting tree growth and yield were comparable with that attained in response to 1,3- dichloropropene-chloropicrin fumigation in one orchard. At a second orchard, the growth response attained with the alternative treatment was inferior to preplant soil fumigation, which was associated with an apparent re-infestation of RSM-treated soils and tree roots by Pratylenchus spp. Application of RSM after wheat cropping or in conjunction with soil solarization provided an intermediate level of disease control and a corresponding reduction in growth and yield of apple relative to preplant fumigation at both sites.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Brassicaceous Seed Meal Formulations for the Control of Apple Replant Disease in Conventional and Organic Production Systems

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 835-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Mazzola ◽  
Jack Brown
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease

The efficacy of brassicaceous seed meals for the control of apple replant disease and the effects of such treatments on the causal pathogen complex were examined in conventional and organic production systems. When used in conjunction with a postplant application of mefenoxam, Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba seed meal soil amendments were as effective as preplant fumigation of soil with 1,3-dichloropropene-chloropicrin in terms of disease control, tree growth, and overall fruit yields of Gala/M26. Brassica napus seed meal amendment–mefenoxam soil drench also enhanced yields in a manner comparable to preplant fumigation, but vegetative growth was intermediate between the control and fumigation treatments. When applied alone, seed meal amendments failed to enhance tree growth or control disease to the level attained in response to soil fumigation. Postplant mefenoxam treatments revealed that failure of seed meal amendments to enhance tree growth and yield when used independently was due, at least in part, to increased apple root infection by Pythium spp. in B. napus and S. alba seed meal–amended soils, and by Phytophthora cambivora in B. juncea–amended soil. As mefenoxam treatment is not compatible with organic cropping systems, a seed meal blend was formulated which, based upon biological activity, was predicted to suppress known components of the target pathogen complex without need of additional treatment. Gala/M26 trees planted in soils treated with a 1:1 ratio of B. juncea:B. napus seed meal blend performed as well in terms of disease control and vegetative growth as trees cultivated in fumigated soil at an organic-certified orchard. Because these trials utilized the highly susceptible rootstock M26, the results demonstrate that these amendments are a viable alternative to soil fumigation for the control of apple replant disease in both conventional and organic systems.

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