scholarly journals Effect of Temperature and Moisture Period on Infection of Rhododendron ‘Cunningham's White’ by Phytophthora ramorum

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1045-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Tooley ◽  
Marsha Browning ◽  
Kerrie L. Kyde ◽  
Dana Berner
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Gradient Plate ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Moisture Conditions

We investigated the temperature and moisture conditions that allow Phytophthora ramorum to infect Rhododendron ‘Cunningham's White’. Most experiments were performed with a single P. ramorum isolate from the NA1 clonal lineage. For whole plants incubated in dew chambers at 10 to 31°C, the greatest proportion of diseased leaves, 77.5%, occurred at the optimum temperature of 20.5°C. Disease occurred over the entire range of temperatures tested, although amounts of disease were minor at the temperature extremes. For whole plants exposed to varying dew periods at 20°C and then incubated at 20°C for 7 days, a dew period as short as 1 h resulted in a small amount of disease; however, at least 4 h of dew were required for >10% of the leaves to become diseased. Moisture periods of 24 and 48 h resulted in the greatest number of diseased leaves. In detached-leaf, temperature-gradient-plate experiments, incubation at 22°C resulted in the greatest disease severity, followed by 18°C and then 14°C. In detached-leaf, moisture-tent experiments, a 1-h moisture period was sufficient to cause disease on 67 to 73% of leaves incubated for 7 days at 20°C. A statistical model for disease development that combined the effects of temperature and moisture period was generated using nonlinear regression. Our results define temperature and moisture conditions which allow infection by P. ramorum on Cunningham's White rhododendron, and show that P. ramorum is able to infect this host over a wide range of temperatures and moisture levels. The results indicate that P. ramorum has the potential to become established in parts of the United States that are outside its current range.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature on Anoplophora chinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Adult Survival, Reproduction, and Egg Hatch

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody A. Keena ◽  
Paul M. Moore ◽  
Gregg Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) is an invasive species that can damage many tree species in orchard, urban, and forested habitats. Adult survival, reproduction, and egg hatch of A. chinensis from Italy and China are evaluated at eight constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C) under laboratory conditions. The estimated Tmax for longevity was 42 and 33 °C for females and 42 and 39 °C for males from China and Italy, respectively. The estimated Tmax, Tmin, and optimum temperature for fecundity were 35, 9, and 29 °C, respectively. Females laid eggs at 15–30 °C and eggs hatched at 15–35 °C. Days to first oviposition increased exponentially from 13 days at 30 °C to >300 days near 10 °C. The estimated Tmin for egg hatch was 13 °C, the Tmax at 38 °C, and the optimum 29 °C. Percentage hatch was estimated to be highest at 26 °C and have a Tmax of 31 °C and Tmin of 10 °C. These results indicate that summer temperatures over a wide range of latitudes should support beetle survival and reproduction, but at temperatures ≥35 °C, oviposition ceases, and adult survivorship declines. In addition, females may survive into the fall, but lay fewer eggs that may not hatch. These responses of A. chinensis to temperature can be used for developing phenological models to predict the timing of stages for management or eradication efforts.

The Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Instar Length in Calandra Granaria Linn

1947 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
L. E. S. EASTHAM ◽  
F. SEGROVE
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

1. The effects of temperature and humidity on the duration of each instar of the life cycle of Calandra granaria Linn. have been examined. The insects were reared at temperatures ranging from 15 to 30° C. and at atmospheric humidities ranging from 40 to 80% R.H. 2. A method is described for assessing the effect of temperature as an independent factor. 3. The temperatures employed fall within the ‘vital zone’. Extrapolation indicates the threshold temperature to be approximately 11° C. for the egg and larval instars though somewhat lower for the pupa. 30° C. is below the optimum temperature. 4. The durations of the egg and pupal stages are not affected by atmospheric humidity. 5. The duration of all larval instars is affected by moisture. It is suggested that this is largely due to atmospheric humidity and that food water is of little significance. 6. Shortage of moisture acts as an obstacle to development. Evidence is presented which indicates that drier atmospheres tend to desiccate the insect and that desiccation is responsible for retarded growth and development. 7. Since much earlier work on temperature and moisture has been done on fasting insects and, therefore, on insects deficient in one of the most important environmental factors, we suggest that our results, incomplete as they are, indicate the need for new approaches to be made. More complete data on feeding insects under controlled conditions of food, temperature and moisture are required, from which can be drawn up more complete balance sheets of development involving measurements of food utilization and respiratory rates.

Flow and thermal responses of aortic baroreceptors

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2596-2605 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Munch
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Activation Response ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Aortic Arch Pressure ◽  
Aortic Baroreceptors

1. The aims of this study were 1) to determine whether the impulse activity in rabbit aortic baroreceptors (BRs) was influenced by changes in nonpulsatile flow through the aortic lumen and 2) to examine the BR and aortic arch responses to changes in temperature. 2. An in vitro aortic arch-aortic nerve preparation was used to record suprathreshold steady-state discharge in a total of 29 single-unit BRs from 12 New Zealand white rabbits. Changes in BR frequency were measured relative to control and were recorded simultaneously with aortic arch pressure, flow, temperature, diameter, and calculated wall shear stress (Sw). 3. With pressure held constant, stair-step increases in flow (3–18 ml/min) constricted the arch and evoked two types of BR responses: activation in most units (15 of 17 BRs tested) and inhibition in 2 units. The activation response appeared closely related to the changes in flow and Sw, but also appeared related to uncontrolled changes in perfusate temperature. 4. When the effects of temperature were examined more closely with pressure and flow held constant, controlled step increases in temperature (between 32 and 42 degrees C) constricted the arch and again evoked two BR responses: activation in 11 of 14 BRs tested and inhibition in 3 units. The Q10 for the activation response was 1.55 +/- 0.08 (mean +/- SE), which was not significantly different from the Q10 for activation when temperature varied with flow (1.65 +/- 0.1, P < 0.05). Thus the effect of temperature on most BRs was directionally and quantitatively similar in the presence and absence of changes in flow. 5. Last, when flow was examined over a wide range (15–515 ml/min) with temperature and pressure held constant, stair-step increases in flow failed to produce any change in BR frequency in each of 15 fibers tested (10 arches). The lack of response was not due to a functionally damaged preparation because the usual BR and aortic arch responses to pressure and to drug-evoked vasoconstriction (norepinephrine) and endothelial-mediated vasodilation (acetylcholine) were intact. 6. These results demonstrate that aortic BRs in rabbits are not sensitive to flow and thus are not likely influenced by fluctuations in cardiac output apart from associated changes in pressure. The aortic BRs are affected directly by variations in temperature and in some cases indirectly by temperature-related vasoconstriction. The effects of temperature may have important implications for neural control of the circulation when core temperature varies because of physiological and environmental stress.

THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE UPON PANCREATIC AMYLASE IN SELECTED REPTILES AND AN AMPHIBIAN

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette Abrahamson ◽  
Michael Maher
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Pancreatic Amylase ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Subcellular Level ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

The effect of temperature on pancreatic amylase was studied on three species of reptiles and one amphibian. Pancreata were removed from the animals, homogenized, and assayed for amylase activity by the Caraway procedure. Assays were conducted at various temperatures to determine the optimum temperature of activity and the maximum temperature for thermal stability of pancreatic amylase. It appears that between reptiles and amphibians, and also among species of reptiles, there are thermally dependent differences at the subcellular level which are similar to the differences in the preferred temperatures of the animals.

Effects of Temperature, Humidity, and Larval Weight on the Duration of Prepupal and Pupal Stages of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Blakeley ◽  
L. A. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prepupal Stage ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., a pest of crops in the plains areas, occurs in central Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada southward to various areas of Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico in the United States. It has been suggested that in the prepupal stage this cutworm is able to adapt itself to a wide range of climatic and geographic conditions and to retain a univoltine life cycle. The investigations reported here were made to determine the effects of temperature, moisture, and larval weights on the duration of the prepupal and pupal stages.

scholarly journals Temperature sensitivity differs between heart and red muscle mitochondria in mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gigi Y. Lau ◽  
Georgina K. Cox ◽  
John D. Stieglitz ◽  
Daniel D. Benetti ◽  
Martin Grosell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Mitochondria ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Coryphaena Hippurus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Irreversible Effects ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

Abstract Maintaining energy balance over a wide range of temperatures is critical for an active pelagic fish species such as the mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), which can experience rapid changes in temperature during vertical migrations. Due to the profound effect of temperature on mitochondrial function, this study was designed to investigate the effects of temperature on mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized heart and red skeletal muscle (RM) fibres isolated from mahi-mahi. As RM is thought to be more anatomically isolated from rapid ambient temperature changes compared to the myocardium, it was hypothesized that heart mitochondria would be more tolerant of temperature changes through a greater ability to match respiratory capacity to an increase in temperature and to maintain coupling, when compared to RM mitochondria. Results show that heart fibres were more temperature sensitive and increased respiration rate with temperature increases to a greater degree than RM. Respiratory coupling ratios at the three assay temperatures (20, 26, and 30 °C), revealed that heart mitochondria were less coupled at a lower temperature (26 °C) compared to RM mitochondria (30 °C). In response to an in vitro acute temperature challenge, both tissues showed irreversible effects, where both heart and RM increased uncoupling whether the assay temperature was acutely changed from 20 to 30 °C or 30 to 20 °C. The findings from this study indicate that mahi-mahi heart mitochondria were more temperature sensitive compared to those from RM.

scholarly journals Use of Mycelium and Detached Leaves in Bioassays for Assessing Resistance to Boxwood Blight

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 1622-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghong Guo ◽  
Richard T. Olsen ◽  
Matthew Kramer ◽  
Margaret Pooler
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Plant Inoculation

Boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata is a newly emergent disease of boxwood (Buxus spp. L.) in the United States that causes leaf drop, stem lesions, and plant death. A rapid and reliable laboratory assay that enables screening hundreds of boxwood genotypes for resistance to boxwood blight is needed to enable breeding and selection of resistant cultivars. Using eight boxwood cultivars with differing susceptibilities, we examined parameters for a screening assay comparing whole plant inoculation with detached leaf inoculation, use of mycelium versus spores as the inoculum, comparison of times of the year for inoculation, and comparison of two leaf inoculation methods. Inoculation of detached leaves gave comparable results to inoculation of whole plants when compared across genotypes, although the detached leaf assay resulted in greater percentages of symptom expression. The time of year of plant inoculation (spring, summer, or winter) did not affect the relative expression of symptoms among the most resistant and susceptible genotypes. Inoculating plants with mycelium was as effective as spore inoculation for causing disease symptoms and allowed us to distinguish the more resistant genotypes, yet mycelium inoculation was much easier to prepare in large quantities for multiple assays.

scholarly journals First Detection of Phytophthora ramorum Mating Type A2 in Europe

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1266-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Werres ◽  
Daphné De Merlier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Camellia Japonica ◽  
Wide Range

Since its original isolation in 1993, Phytophthora ramorum has become an important pathogen. Initially, it was determined to be the causal agent of a twig blight of Rhododendron spp. in Germany and the Netherlands (3). Around the same period, symptoms and mortality on oak (Quercus spp.) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) were associated with P. ramorum in California (2), where the disease was named sudden oak death. Subsequently, P. ramorum has been detected on a wide range of forest trees and shrub species in the United States. In Europe, the pathogen has spread to many countries, primarily on nursery plants of Rhododendron and Viburnum spp., and recently, on Camellia japonica, Kalmia latifolia, Pieris formosa var. forrestii, P. japonica, Leucothoe sp., Syringa vulgaris, and Taxus baccata. P. ramorum has not been observed in European forests. P. ramorum is heterothallic, and initial in vitro mating studies on agar media suggested that only the A1 mating type occurred in Europe, while only the A2 mating type was present in the United States (4). However, an isolate collected in 2002 in Belgium (1) appears to be the A2 mating type. This isolate (CBS 110901, Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, the Netherlands) originated from an imported V. bodnantense plant at an ornamental nursery. A hyphal tip culture (BBA 26/02) of this isolate produced no oogonia on carrot piece agar after 6 weeks in pairing tests with other Phytophthora species of mating type A2. When paired with mating type A1 of P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, and P. drechsleri, however, oogonia were observed in all pairings within 6 weeks. The number of oogonia was low in all pairings but was highest in pairings with P. cryptogea. No oospores were produced after 6 weeks between P. ramorum isolates BBA 26/02 and BBA 9/95 (from the holotype, mating type A1), but gametangia were observed when these isolates were paired on Rhododendron sp. twigs. Normal oogonia were produced on the outgrowing mycelium when pieces from these twigs were placed on carrot piece agar. The shape and size of the oogonia produced on carrot piece agar after pairing with P. cryptogea and on Rhododendron sp. twigs after pairing with P. ramorum BBA 9/95 were similar (24 to 34 μm, mean 29.6 μm and 25 to 33 μm, mean 30.6 μm, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first observation of P. ramorum mating type A2 in Europe. References: (1) D. De Merlier et al. Plant Dis. 87:203, 2003. (2) D. M. Rizzo et al. Plant Dis. 86:205, 2002. (3) S. Werres et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1166, 2001. (4) S. Werres and B. Zielke. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 110:129, 2003.

Music after the Fall

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Rutherford-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
The United States ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

By the start of the 21st century many of the foundations of postwar culture had disappeared: Europe had been rebuilt and, as the EU, had become one of the world’s largest economies; the United States’ claim to global dominance was threatened; and the postwar social democratic consensus was being replaced by market-led neoliberalism. Most importantly of all, the Cold War was over, and the World Wide Web had been born. Music After The Fall considers contemporary musical composition against this changed backdrop, placing it in the context of globalization, digitization, and new media. Drawing on theories from the other arts, in particular art and architecture, it expands the definition of Western art music to include forms of composition, experimental music, sound art, and crossover work from across the spectrum, inside and beyond the concert hall. Each chapter considers a wide range of composers, performers, works, and institutions are considered critically to build up a broad and rich picture of the new music ecosystem, from North American string quartets to Lebanese improvisers, from South American electroacoustic studios to pianos in the Australian outback. A new approach to the study of contemporary music is developed that relies less on taxonomies of style and technique, and more on the comparison of different responses to common themes, among them permission, fluidity, excess, and loss.

Death in the City

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Intimate Friend ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
European Heritage ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple

Popular culture has long conflated Mexico with the macabre. Some persuasive intellectuals argue that Mexicans have a special relationship with death, formed in the crucible of their hybrid Aztec-European heritage. Death is their intimate friend; death is mocked and accepted with irony and fatalistic abandon. The commonplace nature of death desensitizes Mexicans to suffering. Death, simply put, defines Mexico. There must have been historical actors who looked away from human misery, but to essentialize a diverse group of people as possessing a unique death cult delights those who want to see the exotic in Mexico or distinguish that society from its peers. Examining tragic and untimely death—namely self-annihilation—reveals a counter narrative. What could be more chilling than suicide, especially the violent death of the young? What desperation or madness pushed the victim to raise the gun to the temple or slip the noose around the neck? A close examination of a wide range of twentieth-century historical documents proves that Mexicans did not accept death with a cavalier chuckle nor develop a unique death cult, for that matter. Quite the reverse, Mexicans behaved just as their contemporaries did in Austria, France, England, and the United States. They devoted scientific inquiry to the malady and mourned the loss of each life to suicide.

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