The Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Instar Length in Calandra Granaria Linn

1947 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
L. E. S. EASTHAM ◽  
F. SEGROVE
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

1. The effects of temperature and humidity on the duration of each instar of the life cycle of Calandra granaria Linn. have been examined. The insects were reared at temperatures ranging from 15 to 30° C. and at atmospheric humidities ranging from 40 to 80% R.H. 2. A method is described for assessing the effect of temperature as an independent factor. 3. The temperatures employed fall within the ‘vital zone’. Extrapolation indicates the threshold temperature to be approximately 11° C. for the egg and larval instars though somewhat lower for the pupa. 30° C. is below the optimum temperature. 4. The durations of the egg and pupal stages are not affected by atmospheric humidity. 5. The duration of all larval instars is affected by moisture. It is suggested that this is largely due to atmospheric humidity and that food water is of little significance. 6. Shortage of moisture acts as an obstacle to development. Evidence is presented which indicates that drier atmospheres tend to desiccate the insect and that desiccation is responsible for retarded growth and development. 7. Since much earlier work on temperature and moisture has been done on fasting insects and, therefore, on insects deficient in one of the most important environmental factors, we suggest that our results, incomplete as they are, indicate the need for new approaches to be made. More complete data on feeding insects under controlled conditions of food, temperature and moisture are required, from which can be drawn up more complete balance sheets of development involving measurements of food utilization and respiratory rates.

scholarly journals The Effect of Temperature and Humidity May Reduce the Growth Rate of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Qin ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Jiani Shao ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Xiaomei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: The effects of temperature and humidity on the epidemic growth of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)remains unclear.Methods: Daily scatter plots between the epidemic growth rate (GR) and average temperature (AT) or average relative humidity (ARH) were presented with curve fitting through the “loess” method. The heterogeneity across days and provinces were calculated to assess the necessity of using a longitudinal model. Fixed effect models with polynomial terms were developed to quantify the relationship between variations in the GR and AT or ARH.Results: An increased AT dramatically reduced the GR when the AT was lower than −5°C, the GR was moderately reduced when the AT ranged from −5°C to 15°C, and the GR increased when the AT exceeded 15°C. An increasedARH increased theGR when the ARH was lower than 72% and reduced theGR when the ARH exceeded 72%.Conclusions: High temperatures and low humidity may reduce the GR of the COVID-19 epidemic. The temperature and humidity curves were not linearly associated with the COVID-19 GR.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature and Moisture Period on Infection of Rhododendron ‘Cunningham's White’ by Phytophthora ramorum

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1045-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Tooley ◽  
Marsha Browning ◽  
Kerrie L. Kyde ◽  
Dana Berner
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Gradient Plate ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Moisture Conditions

We investigated the temperature and moisture conditions that allow Phytophthora ramorum to infect Rhododendron ‘Cunningham's White’. Most experiments were performed with a single P. ramorum isolate from the NA1 clonal lineage. For whole plants incubated in dew chambers at 10 to 31°C, the greatest proportion of diseased leaves, 77.5%, occurred at the optimum temperature of 20.5°C. Disease occurred over the entire range of temperatures tested, although amounts of disease were minor at the temperature extremes. For whole plants exposed to varying dew periods at 20°C and then incubated at 20°C for 7 days, a dew period as short as 1 h resulted in a small amount of disease; however, at least 4 h of dew were required for >10% of the leaves to become diseased. Moisture periods of 24 and 48 h resulted in the greatest number of diseased leaves. In detached-leaf, temperature-gradient-plate experiments, incubation at 22°C resulted in the greatest disease severity, followed by 18°C and then 14°C. In detached-leaf, moisture-tent experiments, a 1-h moisture period was sufficient to cause disease on 67 to 73% of leaves incubated for 7 days at 20°C. A statistical model for disease development that combined the effects of temperature and moisture period was generated using nonlinear regression. Our results define temperature and moisture conditions which allow infection by P. ramorum on Cunningham's White rhododendron, and show that P. ramorum is able to infect this host over a wide range of temperatures and moisture levels. The results indicate that P. ramorum has the potential to become established in parts of the United States that are outside its current range.

Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Rust-Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium-Castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), in Wheat-Grain

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG White
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Rates of survival and development of the immature stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) were determined in wheat grain at constant temperatures from 20 to 37.5�C and constant relative humidities from 25 to 65%. The rates for eggs and pupae were similar to those previously published for T. castaneum in flour, but larval development was slower and mortality greater, except at low temperature and high humidity. The effect of temperature and humidity on rates of fertility and oviposition in young adults were also determined in wheat grain. The patterns of effects of temperature and humidity on oviposition were similar to those previously published for T. castaneum in flour, but the maximum observed oviposition rate was lower. Fertility was significantly reduced when densities of adults were greater than one pair per 250 g. Mathematical functions were fitted to data from the present and previous studies on age-specific survival and fecundity of adults; population growth rate statistics were calculated from life-table parameters defined by these functions. Under optimal conditions within the range of the present study (35�C, 65% RH), the innate capacity for increase rm was 0.84 per week. The limits for population increase, where rm is zero, were largely determined by.the limits for larval survival, which were approximately 35% RH, and 20-22�C at the lower limit and 40�C at the upper limit.

THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE UPON PANCREATIC AMYLASE IN SELECTED REPTILES AND AN AMPHIBIAN

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette Abrahamson ◽  
Michael Maher
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Pancreatic Amylase ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Subcellular Level ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

The effect of temperature on pancreatic amylase was studied on three species of reptiles and one amphibian. Pancreata were removed from the animals, homogenized, and assayed for amylase activity by the Caraway procedure. Assays were conducted at various temperatures to determine the optimum temperature of activity and the maximum temperature for thermal stability of pancreatic amylase. It appears that between reptiles and amphibians, and also among species of reptiles, there are thermally dependent differences at the subcellular level which are similar to the differences in the preferred temperatures of the animals.

THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS RETORTAEFORMIS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devandra Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Infective Stage ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Faecal Culture ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

The optimum temperature for development of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis is about 25 °C in a wet faecal culture, when the infective stage is reached in from 3 to 5 days, but at 3 to 5 °C a few larvae can develop in 8 to 10 weeks, and infective larvae can survive for 13 weeks. Both eggs and larvae can survive desiccation for considerable periods.

scholarly journals The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Cheese Skipper, Piophila Casei (L.)

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-388
Author(s):  
JOHN SMART
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Short Series ◽  
Thermal Death ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Thermal Death Point ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

The paper gives the results of a short series of experiments carried out to determine the thermal death-point under conditions of controlled humidity of the larva and pupa of the Cheese Skipper, Piophila casei (L.). The larva is remarkable for the high temperatures it can withstand, namely 52° C., for 1 hour's exposure and 45° C. for an exposure of 24 hours. The death of the pupa at a much lower temperature is shown to be due to a secondary effect of temperature on its physiology.

Effect of Temperature and Humidity on Measuring Ionization Current Inside Contaminated Pipes

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingchuan Li ◽  
Xianguo Tuo ◽  
Mingzhe Liu ◽  
Jun Ren ◽  
Qibiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Multiple Regression Method ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

This paper reported the experimental results of ion current under different temperatures and relative humidity using long range alpha detector (LRAD). An approximation relation between the measuring values, temperatures and relative humidity has been obtained using the linear multiple regression method. The experimental results have shown that the measuring values decrease with the increase of temperature and humidity. The influence of humidity on results outweighs that of temperatures. And both temperature and humidity are obviously negative correlated with measured values. Further experiments will be performed to confirm the coupling effects of temperature and humidity and reported later.

Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the morphometric variability of Paratrichodorus rhodesiensis (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) from Senegal

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-477
Author(s):  
Mandefro Wondirad ◽  
Wilfrida Decraemer ◽  
Pierre Baujard
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

AbstractEffects of temperature, humidity, temperature and humidity interaction and host on morphometric variability of Paratrichodorus rhodesiensis were studied. Nematode cultures were established in a glasshouse under controlled environments. Amongst the factors investigated, host was found to be the most influential on both sexes (P < 0.05) affecting all characters in females and eight out of 11 characters in males. Ratios b and c were found to be highly variable and hence their use is not suggested. On the contrary, ratio a was found to be a good indicator of nematode condition, particularly in association with hosts. Vulva position (V) was found to be the most stable character. Paratrichodorus rhodesiensis was affected by higher temperatures of 34 and 36°C. Change in humidity did not show a demonstrable trend on morphometric characters in both sexes. Interaction effect of temperature and humidity resulted in a significant effect on body length and body diameter in females and on ratio b and c, pharynx, onchiostyle and tail length in males.

Effect of temperature on post-diapause reproductive development in Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: curculionidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (05) ◽  
pp. 669-677
Author(s):  
S. Wu ◽  
O.S. Kostromytska ◽  
A.M. Koppenhöfer
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Listronotus Maculicollis ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Time Required

AbstractThe annual bluegrass weevil Listronotus maculicollis requires chilling exposure to terminate reproductive diapause during overwintering, but the effects of temperature on its post-diapause development in spring remain unclear. To explore this effect, overwintering adults were transferred from cold conditions (6°C/4°C, L:D 10:14) to different warm-up temperatures at L:D 12:12. When weevils were transferred to 7, 14 and 21°C in December and late January, the sizes of male and female reproductive organs were significantly smaller at 7°C than at 14 and 21°C. When weevils were transferred to 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15°C in late January, higher temperatures facilitated the post-diapause development. In both sexes, the sizes of reproductive organs and developmental rate increased with temperature. Reproductive organs did not grow significantly at 7°C in males and at 7–9°C in females, at which the percentage of developing weevils remained low. The time required for 50% of individuals to resume development was 44, 18, 13 and 8 days at 9, 11, 13 and 15°C, respectively, in males and 19, 14 and 8 days at 11, 13 and 15°C, respectively, in females. The threshold temperature for post-diapause development was 7.8°C in males, based on which 61.7 degree-days coincided with 50% of individuals developing. Under field conditions, the percentage of male and female maturity and insemination rate were low until early March, but all reached 100% by late March.

Effect of temperature and humidity on the development of tea red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner)

1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Das ◽  
S. C. Das
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Red Spider Mite ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Oligonychus Coffeae ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Very High

The effects of temperature and humidity on the development of Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) were studied by exposing the various stages of the mite to air in equilibrium with saturated solutions of appropriate salts in containers within thermostatically controlled cabinets. Adults and early stages were maintained on fresh tea shoots.The pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition periods of adult females at 75–80% relative varied inversely with temperature, and averaged, respectively, 0.8, 5.9 and 1.4 days at 32° and 2.3, 30.6 and 2.0 days at 20°C. The mean number of eggs laid per female likewise varied inversely with temperature, from 12.0 at 32°C at 32° to 107.3 at 20°C.No eggs hatched when incubated at 34°C., irrespective of humidity, or at 17% R.H., irrespective of temperature. Optimum conditions for incubation (those affording over 90% hatch) were provied by a combination of temperatures and relative humidities within the ranges 20–30°C. and 49–94%. When eggs were exposed daily for five days to temperatures of 37 or 40° for six hours at 72–94% R.H. and then transferred to room conditions (24–32°C., 64–88% R.H.), the percentage of eggs hatching was reduced from 94.7 (room conditions) to about 75 or 5–12, respectively.The mean incubation period of eggs varied from 3.9 days at 32° to 10.8 at 20°C., and the mean duratio of the combined larval and nymphal stages from 4.9 days at 30° to 8.7 at 20°C. At 32°C., larval mortality was very high.

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