scholarly journals Quantification of Mycelium of Botrytis spp. and the Antagonist Ulocladium atrum in Necrotic Leaf Tissue of Cyclamen and Lily by Fluorescence Microscopy and Image Analysis

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 868-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. T. Kessel ◽  
B. H. de Haas ◽  
C. H. Lombaers-van der Plas ◽  
E. M. J. Meijer ◽  
F. M. Dewey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Cryostat Section ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fluorescent Labeling ◽  
Components Of Variance ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Competitive Substrate ◽  
Short Time

A technique was developed to localize and quantify the internal mycelial colonization of necrotic leaf tissue of cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum) or lily (Lilium) by pathogenic Botrytis spp. and the antagonist Ulocladium atrum. This technique allows investigation of competitive substrate colonization by both fungi, which is a key process for biological control of Botrytis spp. by U. atrum. A combination of differential fluorescent labeling and image analysis was applied on cryostat sections of necrotic leaf tissue. Botrytis mycelium was labeled specifically by indirect immunofluorescence using a monoclonal antibody specific for Botrytis spp. And an antimouse fluorescein conjugate. Wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to the fluorochrome TRITC was used to label mycelium of both fungi. Image analysis was used to measure the relative surface area of the cryostat section covered by fluorescing hyphae of Botrytis spp. and by fluorescing hyphae of both fungi. A mathematical conversion was derived and used to calculate the relative mycelial volume of each fungal species in the necrotic tissue based on the measured relative surface areas. Temporal aspects of substrate colonization were studied in a short time series. An analysis of components of variance provided insight into spatial colonization patterns for the fungal species involved and allowed the design of efficient sampling strategies for future experiments.

scholarly journals Combining spectral induced polarization with X-ray tomography to investigate the importance of DNAPL geometry in sand samples

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. E173-E188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Johansson ◽  
Matteo Rossi ◽  
Stephen A. Hall ◽  
Charlotte Sparrenbom ◽  
David Hagerberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Induced Polarization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Spectral Induced Polarization ◽  
The Individual

Although many studies have been performed to investigate the spectral induced polarization (SIP) response of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-contaminated soil samples, there are still many uncertainties in the interpretation of the data. A key issue is that altered pore space geometries due to the presence of a NAPL phase will change the measured IP spectra. However, without any information on the NAPL distribution in the pore space, assumptions are necessary for the SIP data interpretation. Therefore, experimental data of SIP signals directly associated with different NAPL distributions are needed. We used high-resolution X-ray tomography and 3D image processing to quantitatively assess NAPL distributions in samples of fine-grained sand containing different concentrations of tetrachloroethylene and link this to SIP measurements on the same samples. The total concentration of the sample constituents as well as the volumes of the individual NAPL blobs were calculated and used for the interpretation of the associated SIP responses. The X-ray tomography and image analysis showed that the real sample properties (porosity and NAPL distributions) differed from the targeted ones. Both contaminated samples contained less NAPL than expected from the manual sample preparation. The SIP results showed higher real conductivity and lower imaginary conductivity in the contaminated samples compared to a clean sample. This is interpreted as an effect of increased surface conductivity along interconnected NAPL blobs and decreased surface areas in the samples due to NAPL blobs larger than and enclosing grains. We conclude that the combination of SIP, X-ray tomography, and image analysis is a very promising approach to achieve a better understanding of the measured SIP responses of NAPL-contaminated samples.

scholarly journals Assessment of Severity of Powdery Mildew Infection of Sweet Cherry Leaves by Digital Image Analysis

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Olmstead ◽  
Gregory A. Lang ◽  
Gary G. Grove
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Leaf Disk

A personal computer-based method was compared with standard visual assessment for quantifying colonization of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) leaves by powdery mildew (PM) caused by Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.:Fr.) Lev. Leaf disks from 14 cultivars were rated for PM severity (percentage of leaf area colonized) by three methods: 1) visual assessment; 2) digital image analysis; and 3) digital image analysis after painting PM colonies on the leaf disk. The third technique, in which PM colonies on each leaf disk were observed using a dissecting microscope and subsequently covered with white enamel paint, provided a standard for comparison of the first two methods. A digital image file for each leaf disk was created using a digital flatbed scanner. Image analysis was performed with a commercially available software package, which did not adequately detect slight differences in color between PM and sweet cherry leaf tissue. Consequently, two replicated experiments revealed a low correlation between PM image analysis and painted PM image analysis (r2 = 0.66 and 0.46, P ≤ 0.0001), whereas visual assessment was highly correlated with painted PM image analysis (r2 = 0.88 and 0.95, P ≤ 0.0001). Rank orders of the 14 cultivars differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) when PM image analysis and painted PM image analysis were compared; however, rankings by visual assessment were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those by painted PM image analysis. Thus, standard visual assessment is an accurate method for estimating disease severity in a leaf disk resistance assay for sweet cherry PM.

scholarly journals Multiscale porosity changes along the pro- and retrograde deformation path: an example from Alpine slates

Solid Earth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1141-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismay Vénice Akker ◽  
Josef Kaufmann ◽  
Guillaume Desbois ◽  
Jop Klaver ◽  
Janos L. Urai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Deformation Path ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Fracture Apertures ◽  
Pore Types

Abstract. Estimating the porosity of slates is of great interest for the industries dealing with sub-surface areas such as CO2 sequestration, nuclear waste disposal and shale gas but also for engineering purposes in terms of mechanical stability for underground or surface constructions. In this study, we aim at understanding estimates of the porosity of slates from the Infrahelvetic flysch units (IFUs) in the Glarus Alps (eastern Switzerland). Surface and sub-surface samples were collected along a temperature gradient from 200 to 320 °C and therefore give the opportunity to link pore types along this temperature and deformation path. In addition, we indicate which porosity is the effect of surface processes and indicate the contribution of artificially induced porosity. The developed workflow consists of a combination of bulk rock measurements including helium pycnometry (He pycnometry) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) with image analysis. Image analysis was performed with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on broad ion beam (BIB) prepared cross sections (BIB-SEM). Different vein generations provide evidence of porosity formation at depth, as they present paleo-porosity. Towards peak metamorphic conditions (prograde path), porosity reduces to < 1 vol%, indicated by matrix porosity detected by BIB-SEM. During exhumation (retrograde path) porosity increases due to the formation of microfractures interpreted as the effect of unloading (open fractures). At the surface, porosity is further increased due to the formation of macro-fractures (fracture apertures up to 1 mm), which are interpreted as being either due to the effect of weathering processes such as freeze and thaw cycles or artificially induced by sample preparation. Additionally, porosity and pore morphology are strongly dependent on mineralogy, sample homogeneity and strain, which change dynamically in time and space.

New species of Lancisporomyces, Orphella, and Paramoebidium, endosymbionts of stonefly nymphs from streams in Nova Scotia, Canada

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1478-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. Strongman ◽  
Merlin M. White
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Aquatic Insects ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
The World ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Protistan Species

Trichomycetes are endobionts that include both fungal and protistan species living in the guts of aquatic insects. Although widely distributed around the world, the biodiversity of these fungi in Canada is virtually unknown. We report the occurrence of 13 species of trichomycetes associated with stonefly nymphs in the families Capniidae, Leuctridae, Nemouridae, and Taeniopterygidae from collections spanning 8 years. This paper extends the geographical range for a number of known fungal species. We describe four new species of Harpellales, Lancisporomyces anguilliformis, Lancisporomyces falcatus, Lancisporomyces nemouridarum, and Orphella dalhousiensis, including both asexual and sexual features for each, as well as two new species of Paramoebidium (Amoebidiales), Paramoebidium cassidula and Paramoebidium stipula. The observations on zygospore morphology in Lancisporomyces and ontogeny of sexual spores in Orphella broaden our perspective on sexual reproduction in the Harpellales. Also highlighted are data on temporal aspects of species occurrence, asexual and sexual sporulation for some species that show host specificity as well as synchrony in maturation of the endobionts with their stonefly hosts.

The use of automated image analysis in coal petrology

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1064-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fariborz Goodarzi
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Automatic System ◽  
Automated Image Analysis ◽  
Reflectance Measurement ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Image Analyser ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Coal Petrology ◽  
Short Time

A comparison was made between the data obtained using the Zeiss image analyser (IBAS) and those obtained by conventional methods, using polished, particulate and blocks of coal. The results obtained by using the two methods are in good agreement.IBAS is an automatic system and reduces the data (reflectance measurement and point count analysis) collecting time substantially, compared with conventional methods. Seam profiles, based on polished blocks, can be constructed rapidly using IBAS to determine the paleoenvironment of coal deposition or the position of macerals resistant to grinding. Also, evaluation and presentation of large numbers of coal samples can be performed in a short time by using polished, particulate blocks.

scholarly journals Comparison of Three Nondestructive Methods for Determination of Vegetable Surface Area

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.H. Furness ◽  
A. Upadhyaya ◽  
M.K. Upadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Linear Method ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Replica Method ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Individual Product ◽  
Analyze Data

Surface areas of differently shaped vegetables, namely beet (Beta vulgaris L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.) were determined by Baugerod's (a linear) method, a shrink-wrap replica method, and image analysis. Values obtained using these methods did not differ significantly for carrots and beets. Surface area values obtained using image analysis were higher than those obtained by Baugerod's method for parsnips (by 23.5%), and higher than Baugerod's and shrink-wrap replica methods for cucumbers (by 11.3% and 12.6%, respectively). A method was considered reproducible if surface area values from five measurements on the same product did not differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Surface area values for an individual product varied in the range of 4.7% for Baugerod's method for parsnips, and 6.6% for the shrink wrap replica method for carrots. No significant variation was observed for any of the vegetables when repeated measurements were made using the image analysis method. Image analysis offers rapidity, lack of adverse effect on produce, and the ability to collect and analyze data simultaneously. However, in absence of the necessary equipment for image analysis, Baugerod's method may be used for a product symmetrical around its central axis, after comparing it with a more direct procedure (e.g., shrink-wrap replica method).

Advanced Carbon-based Nanoplatforms Combining Drug Delivery and Thermal Therapy for Cancer Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (34) ◽  
pp. 4060-4076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhong Xu ◽  
Yuling Shan ◽  
Hailin Cong ◽  
Youqing Shen ◽  
Bing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Photothermal Therapy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Carbon Based

Anticancer treatment has become a research highlight in recent years. Despite several techniques have been developed and applied in the clinic, this area still meets great challenges in the construction of smart anticancer devices with accurate targeting, controlled release and microenvironment response properties. Most of the carbon-based materials are biocompatible, possessing abundant and tunable pore structures and particularly large surface areas. These properties make them suitable materials as drug carriers. In addition, some carbon-based materials are capable of absorbing near-infrared radiation (NIR) and have highly efficient photothermal effects. The generated heat in situ can be used to kill cancer cells in short time on the position. This review describes the recent and significant application of four kinds of carbon materials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon dots and mesoporous carbon for drug delivery and photothermal therapy. After a short introduction of the structures and properties of these materials, the construction and application of these nanoplatforms in drug delivery, photothermal therapy or their combination will be summarized and discussed in depth. In addition, other carbon allotropes as drug carriers will be introduced briefly. Finally, the risk assessments and the perspectives and challenges of these materials used in cancer therapies are enclosed.

scholarly journals Subcuticular-Intracellular Hemibiotrophic and Intercellular Necrotrophic Development of Colletotrichum acutatum on Almond

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Diéguez-Uribeondo ◽  
H. Förster ◽  
A. Soto-Estrada ◽  
J. E. Adaskaveg
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Host Colonization ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Histological Techniques

The early infection and colonization processes of Colletotrichum acutatum on leaves and petals of two almond cultivars with different susceptibility to anthracnose (i.e., cvs. Carmel and Nonpareil) were examined using digital image analysis of light micrographs and histological techniques. Inoculated tissue surfaces were evaluated at selected times after inoculation and incubation at 20°C. Depth maps and line profiles of the digital image analysis allowed rapid depth quantification of fungal colonization in numerous tissue samples. The results showed that the early development of C. acutatum on petals was different from that on leaf tissue. On petals, conidia germinated more rapidly, germ tubes were longer, and fewer appressoria developed than on leaves. On both tissues, penetration by the pathogen occurred from appressoria and host colonization was first subcuticular and then intracellular. On petals, colonizing hyphae were first observed 24 h after inoculation and incubation at 20°C, whereas on leaves they were seen 48 to 72 h after inoculation. Intercellular hyphae were formed before host cells became necrotic and macroscopic lesions developed on petals ≥48 h and on leaves ≥96 h after inoculation. Histological studies complemented data obtained by digital image analysis and showed that the fungus produced infection vesicles and broad hyphae below the cuticle and in epidermal cells. In both tissues, during the first 24 to 48 h after penetration fungal colonization was biotrophic based on the presence of healthy host cells adjacent to fungal hyphae. Later, during intercellular growth, the host-pathogen interaction became necrotrophic with collapsed host cells. Quantitative differences in appressorium formation and host colonization were found between the two almond cultivars studied. Thus, on the less susceptible cv. Nonpareil fewer appressoria developed and host colonization was reduced compared with that on cv. Carmel.

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