Effect of Vasoconstrictive Agents Added to Lidocaine on Intravenous Lidocaine-induced Convulsions in Rats 

1995 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 574-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masataka Yokoyama ◽  
Masahisa Hirakawa ◽  
Hiroshi Goto
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Intravenous Lidocaine ◽  
Acute Hypertension ◽  
Equal Degree ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Plasma Lidocaine ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Control Group Group

Background Epinephrine is reported to decrease the threshold of intravenous lidocaine-induced convulsions. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is not clear. Therefore, we carried out a study to examine the role of vasopressor-induced hypertension. Methods Fifty-six awake Wistar rats were assigned to seven groups of eight. All groups received a continuous intravenous infusion of lidocaine at a rate of 4 mg.kg-1.min-1 until generalized convulsions occurred. The control group (group C) received plain lidocaine. The acute hypertensive groups received lidocaine with epinephrine (group E), norepinephrine (group N), or phenylephrine (group P) to increase mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) to 150 +/- 5 mmHg. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was added to prevent an increase in mean arterial pressure in the remaining three groups (vasopressor-SNP groups). Results The acute hypertensive groups required significantly smaller cumulative doses of lidocaine to produce convulsions compared with control (C = 41.5 +/- 2.9 > E = 24.1 +/- 2.7, N = 27.1 +/- 2.8, P = 26.7 +/- 2.5 mg.kg-1; values are mean +/- SD, P < 0.01). In addition, plasma lidocaine concentrations (C = 11.0 +/- 0.7 > E = 7.4 +/- 0.5, N = 7.9 +/- 0.6, P = 8.1 +/- 0.8 micrograms.ml-1, P < 0.01) and brain lidocaine concentrations (C = 50.9 +/- 4.5 > E = 32.6 +/- 4.2, N = 34.5 +/- 4.8, P = 37.1 +/- 4.5 micrograms.g-1, P < 0.01) were less in the acute hypertensive groups at the onset of convulsions. In the vasopressor-SNP groups, the plasma and brain lidocaine concentrations at the onset of convulsions returned to the control values, although epinephrine and norepinephrine, but not phenylephrine, still decreased cumulative convulsant doses of lidocaine significantly (P < 0.01) compared with control (E + SNP = 30.8 +/- 2.9 < N + SNP = 34.8 +/- 2.8, P < 0.01) < P + SNP = 40.2 +/- 3.0 mg.kg-1, P < 0.01). The brain/plasma concentration ratios were similar for the seven groups. Conclusions An equal degree of acute hypertension induced by these three different vasopressors may play a role in reducing the threshold (plasma and brain lidocaine concentrations) as well as the cumulative convulsant doses associated with lidocaine-induced convulsions.

scholarly journals Accumulation of Prostacyclin in Rat Brain during Haemorrhagic Hypotension—Possible Role of PGI2 in Autoregulation

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Shohami ◽  
A. Sidi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Haemorrhagic Hypotension ◽  
Potent Vasodilator ◽  
Prostaglandin F

The effect of haemorrhagic hypotension on the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) in cortical tissue of rats was studied. Lightly anesthetized rats were subjected to steady-state hypotension for 15 min, with a mean arterial blood pressure of 80, 60, and 40 mm Hg, and compared to a control group of normotensive rats. No significant change was found in the levels of PGE2 and TXB2. The level of 6-keto-PGF1α increased from 7.8 ± 0.9 to 14.1 ± 1.9 pg/mg protein (p < 0.02) at 80 mm Hg. Our findings suggest that prostacyclin, which is a potent vasodilator, might play a role in setting the lower limit of the autoregulation range.

scholarly journals Role of Nitric Oxide in Regulation of Brain Stem Circulation during Hypotension

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1089-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Toyoda ◽  
Kenichiro Fujii ◽  
Setsuro Ibayashi ◽  
Tetsuhiko Nagao ◽  
Takanari Kitazono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cranial Window ◽  
Severe Hypotension ◽  
The Brain

We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in CBF autoregulation in the brain stem during hypotension. In anesthetized rats, local CBF to the brain stem was determined with laser-Doppler flowmetry, and diameters of the basilar artery and its branches were measured through an open cranial window during stepwise hemorrhagic hypotension. During topical application of 10−5 mol/L and 10−4 mol/L Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a nonselective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), CBF started to decrease at higher steps of mean arterial blood pressure in proportion to the concentration of L-NNA in stepwise hypotension (45 to 60 mm Hg in the 10−5 mol/L and 60 to 75 mm Hg in the 10−4 mol/L L-NNA group versus 30 to 45 mm Hg in the control group). Dilator response of the basilar artery to severe hypotension was significantly attenuated by topical application of L-NNA (maximum dilatation at 30 mm Hg: 16 ± 8% in the 10−5 mol/L and 12 ± 5% in the 10−4 mol/L L-NNA group versus 34 ± 4% in the control group), but that of the branches was similar between the control and L-NNA groups. Topical application of 10−5 mol/L 7-nitro indazole, a selective inhibitor of neuronal NOS, did not affect changes in CBF or vessel diameter through the entire pressure range. Thus, endothelial but not neuronal NO seems to take part in the regulation of CBF to the the brain stem during hypotension around the lower limits of CBF autoregulation. The role of NO in mediating dilatation in response to hypotension appears to be greater in large arteries than in small ones.

Abstract P790: Landiolol Attenuates Global Cerebral Edema Following Experimental Cardiac Arrest in Mice

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Iwai ◽  
Shin Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water

Introduction: Cerebral edema following cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) is associated with unfavorable neurologic outcome. The Na + -K + -2Cl - water cotransporter NKCC1 is suspected to be a critical mediator of edema formation after ischemia. It is reported that β1 adrenoreceptor antagonists protect neurons following brain ischemia in rodents. β1 adrenoreceptor antagonists inhibit the Na + -K + -ATPase, which can inhibit driving force of NKCC1 that theoretically reduces cerebral edema following ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, we examined whether landiolol, a selective β1 adrenoreceptor antagonist, attenuates cerebral edema following CA/CPR. Methods: Isoflurane-anesthetized adult male mice (C57BL/6J, 25-30g) were randomized into landiolol group or control group. After 7-min CA followed by CPR, landiolol (0.5ml, 830μg/ml) was administered by continuous infusion intravenously for 4 hours. Animals in control group were given normal saline (0.5ml) in the same manner. Twenty-four hours after CA/CPR, the brain was removed to assess brain water content using wet-to-dry method. The primary outcome was measurement of the brain water content. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded. Measured parameters were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey-Kramer test using SPSS® statistics 25. Differences were considered statistically significant at a P value < 0.05. Results: Brain water contents was increased in control group mice after CA/CPR (n=10) compared with those in sham operated mice (n=5) (79.5±0.85% vs 78.3±0.14%, P=0.003). Compared with control group, landiolol treatment significantly reduced brain water content in mice subjected to CA/CPR (n=12) (78.9±0.51% vs 79.5±0.85%, P=0.04). Conclusion: Landiolol attenuated brain edema following CA/CPR. These results may suggest selective β1-blocker could be alternative treatment for neuroprotection in patients who suffered CA/CPR.

scholarly journals Renal arteries denervation with second generation systems: a remedy for resistant hypertension?

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_L) ◽  
pp. L160-L165
Author(s):  
Francesco Versaci ◽  
Sebastiano Sciarretta ◽  
Massimiliano Scappaticci ◽  
Simone Calcagno ◽  
Riccardo di Pietro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Renal Arteries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Energy Delivery ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Effective Therapeutic Strategy

Abstract Initial studies on renal denervation (RDN) for the treatment of non-controlled arterial hypertension (HTN) through radiofrequency ablation of renal arteries demonstrated that RDN is an effective therapeutic strategy to reduce arterial blood pressure (BP). Nonetheless, the first randomized study, SYMPLICITY-HTN-3, failed to demonstrate a clear benefit for RND over the control group. Technologic evolution, with the introduction of new second generation multi-electrode devices, allowed deep energy delivery along the full circumference of the vessel. Two recent randomized studies involving patients assuming (SPYRAL HTN-ON MED) or not (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED) antihypertensive pharmacologic treatment, demonstrated the efficacy and safety of RDN using second generation systems for radiofrequency ablation. Another recent randomized study demonstrated that RDN with ultrasounds (RADIANCE-HTN SOLO) of the main renal arteries led to a significant BP reduction compared to the control group. These studies have once again raised the interest of the scientific community towards attempting to define the appropriate role of RDN in the treatment of hypertension. Nonetheless, larger and longer clinical trials will be necessary to draw further conclusions.

scholarly journals The GlideScope with modified Magill forceps facilitates nasogastric tube insertion in anesthetized patients: A randomized clinical study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 3124-3130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Joon Kim ◽  
Su In Park ◽  
Sang Yun Cho ◽  
Min Jae Cho
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Nasogastric Tube ◽  
Insertion Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Magill Forceps ◽  
Randomized Clinical Study ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Control Group Group

Objective Insertion of a nasogastric tube (NGT) in patients who have been intubated with an endotracheal tube while under general anesthesia can cause difficulties and lead to complications, including hemorrhage. A visualization-aided modality was recently used to facilitate NGT insertion. Some studies have focused on the role of modified Magill forceps, which have angles similar to those of the GlideScope blade (Verathon, Bothell, WA, USA). Methods Seventy patients were divided into a control group (Group C) and an experimental group (GlideScope and modified Magill forceps, Group M). Results The total NGT insertion time was significantly shorter in Group M than C (71.3 ± 22.6 vs. 96.7 ± 57.5 s; mean difference, –25.3 s; 95% confidence interval [CI], 20.8–71.5). There were also significantly fewer mean insertion attempts in Group M than C (1.0 ± 0.0 vs. 2.11 ± 0.93). The success rate for the first attempt in Group C was 37.1%, while that in Group M was 100% (relative risk, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.7–4.1). Conclusion The use of the GlideScope with modified Magill forceps for insertion of an NGT in patients who are already intubated and under general anesthesia will shorten the insertion time and improve the success rate.

scholarly journals Role of central nervous system aldosterone synthase and mineralocorticoid receptors in salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (4) ◽  
pp. R994-R1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing S. Huang ◽  
Roselyn A. White ◽  
Arco Y. Jeng ◽  
Frans H. H. Leenen
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Aldosterone Synthase ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
The Brain

In Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats, high salt intake increases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Na+ concentration ([Na+]) and blood pressure (BP). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker prevents the hypertension. To assess the role of aldosterone locally produced in the brain, we evaluated the effects of chronic central blockade with the aldosterone synthase inhibitor FAD286 and the MR blocker spironolactone on changes in aldosterone and corticosterone content in the hypothalamus and the increase in CSF [Na+] and hypertension induced by high salt intake in Dahl S rats. After 4 wk of high salt intake, plasma aldosterone and corticosterone were not changed, but hypothalamic aldosterone increased by ∼35% and corticosterone tended to increase in Dahl S rats, whereas both steroids decreased by ∼65% in Dahl salt-resistant rats. In Dahl S rats fed the high-salt diet, ICV infusion of FAD286 or spironolactone did not affect the increase in CSF [Na+]. ICV infusion of FAD286 prevented the increase in hypothalamic aldosterone and 30 mmHg of the 50-mmHg BP increase induced by high salt intake. ICV infusion of spironolactone fully prevented the salt-induced hypertension. These results suggest that, in Dahl S rats, high salt intake increases aldosterone synthesis in the hypothalamus and aldosterone acts as the main MR agonist activating central pathways contributing to salt-induced hypertension.

EFFECTS OF APROTININ ON PULMONARY FUNCTIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL FAT EMBOLISM: CHANGES IN ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS LEVELS AND SCINTIGRAPHIC FINDINGS

2000 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
Mustafa Yel ◽  
Hülya Dalgiç ◽  
Güngör Taştekin ◽  
Mehmet Arazi ◽  
Abdurrahman Kutlu
Keyword(s):  
Fat Embolism ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intravenous Saline ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Embolization Procedure ◽  
Control Group Group

Purpose: To assess the effects of aprotinin on the formation and resolution of fat embolism of the lungs. Methods: The changes in arterial blood gas levels and perfusion scintigraphy were studied by forming experimental standardized fat embolism in rabbits with autogenous fat obtained from their femur medullas. Two groups, each consisting of 14 albino rabbits, were used in this study. Group 1, which received intravenous saline solution, was the control group. Group 2, which received aprotinin, was referred to as the aprotinin group. Autogenous femoral medullary content was used for embolization procedures. Arterial blood gas levels were recorded 72 hours before and 1, 24, 72 hours and 10 days following the embolization procedure. Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphies were performed 72 hours before the embolization procedure and on the first and 72nd hours, and the 10th day. Results: Fat embolism was achieved in all rabbits. Seven rabbits in the control group and one rabbit in the aprotinin group died within an hour after the embolization procedure. According to blood gas levels and perfusion scintigraphic findings, the aprotinin group significantly had less pulmonary fat embolism and recovered faster than the control group, especially during the first 24 hours. There was no significant difference in regression of pulmonary dysfunction between the two groups. Conclusion: The correlation between the blood gas levels and scintigraphic findings suggested that the administration of aprotinin for prophylactic purposes had favorable effects on the development of pulmonary gas exchange disturbance and perfusion defect in fat embolism.

scholarly journals Expression of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) in the Eyes of Mice with Disseminated Acanthamoebiasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Kot ◽  
Danuta Kosik-Bogacka ◽  
Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera ◽  
Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
Keyword(s):  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Atypical Symptoms ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
Bronchial Aspirate ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the innate immune response to numerous pathogens, including Acanthamoeba spp. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the eyes of mice following intranasal infection with Acanthamoeba spp. in relation to the host’s immunological status. Amoebae used in this study were isolated from the bronchial aspirate of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and atypical symptoms of pneumonia. We found statistically significant differences in the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the eye of immunocompetent mice at 8, 16, and 24 days after Acanthamoeba spp. infection (dpi) compared to control group. Immunosuppressed mice showed significant differences in the expression of TLR2 at 16 and 24 dpi compared to uninfected animals. Our results indicate that TLR2 and TLR4 are upregulated in the eyes of mice in response to Acanthamoeba spp. We suggest that it is possible for trophozoites to migrate through the optic nerve from the brain to the eyes. The course of disseminated acanthamoebiasis may be influenced by the host’s immunological status, and the observed changes in expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the host’s organs may indicate the role of these receptors in the pathomechanism of acanthamoebiasis.

THE EFFECT OF OLIVE OIL SUPPLEMENTATION IN ADOLESENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Andi Faradilah ◽  
Darmawansyih ◽  
Burhanuddin Darwis
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adolescent Period

Background Olive oil has been shown to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vasodilator effects. Olive oil contains polyphenols against the reaction of Reactive Oxygen Species. In Al Quran, Surah Al Mu'minin verse 20, it is stated that olive oil can be helpful as an appetite enhancer. This effect can occur through the role of MUFA as olive oil composition in the mechanism of the gut-brain axis where the hormone ghrelin produced by the intestine will enter the brain to induce appetite. The Adolescent period is a significant concern because this is a period of growth and development that requires adequate nutritional intake. The sustainability of appetite in adolescents is a good sign for fulfilling nutritional needs to support optimal growth and development. Objective This study aims to examine the effect of olive oil supplementation on the appetite score in adolescents. Methods The study was conducted at the Tahfizh Al Quran Zam-Zam Islamic Boarding School with 30 subjects divided into two groups: the treatment group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15) who met the inclusion criteria. The study revealed that no difference was showed in the proportion of appetite scores in the two groups. Conclusion There is no difference of the appetite scores on the administration of olive oil in adolescents. Key words: Olive oil, food intake, appetite score, adolescents.      

The multipotent role of metallothionein in the nervous system

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
G. А. Ushakova ◽  
Y. P. Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Exploratory Activity ◽  
Cysteine Residues ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Brain

We provide a commentary on current experimental and theoretical advances and frame our consideration in terms of the possible functions of MT I+II in the nervous system. Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of small cysteine rich proteins, which since their discovery in 1957 have been implicated in a range of roles including toxic metal detoxification, protection against oxidative stress, and as a metallochaperone involved in the homeostasis of both zinc and copper. The most well studied member of the family is the mammalian metallothionein, which consists of two domains: a β-domain with 9 cysteine residues and an α-domain with 11 cysteine residues. Despite over half a century of research, the exact functions of MT in the nervous system are still unknown. Our studies have shown that the distribution of MT-I+II in the brain after prolonged intoxication, inhalation of 0.1% CdCl2 for 1 hour twice a week over 19 weeks, is dependent on the part of the brain. The metallothionein level declines more than 4 times in the hippocampus 3 weeks after continuous intoxication of 0.1% CdCl2. The level of MT-I+II in the cerebral cortex decreased by 1.5 times compared with the control group and did not change significantly in the cerebellum and thalamus/hypothalamus. The results of an experimental model of postoperative pain indicated that injection with MT-II prevents the development of postoperative hyperalgesia in response to mild alteration of physiological activity. Activation of locomotory and exploratory activity, and decrease of anxiety in rats under MT-II treatment at 100 µg/rat manifests itself on the 4th day after surgery. Our experimental data indicate the multipotent function of MT I+II in the rat brain both as a metal detoxifier and as an inhibitor of postoperative pain. 

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