Effect of intravenous infusion systems and other devices on newborn body weight

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Infusion Systems

Intravenous Infusion in Dogs and Primates

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Perkin ◽  
R. Stejskal
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Catheter Tip ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

Continuous intravenous infusion allows the intended clinical dosing regime to be better evaluated during preclinical studies. Depending on the test material and vehicle, infusion for up to 6 months in primates and 12 months in beagle dogs is possible, but 28 days is the most frequent duration. Under general anesthesia, medical grade catheters are placed in the vena cava via the femoral vein, passed subcutaneously, and exteriorized between the scapulae. A jacket and tether system are used to connect the catheter to an external pump for dosing and the animals are allowed to move freely within the cages. Dosing usually commences after a 1-week recovery period. Body weight gain, food intake, and general observations indicate that the procedure does not adversely affect the normal laboratory behavior of the animals. Test article infusion periods from a few minutes up to 24 h a day, 7 days a week are used; a low infusion rate ofsaline is used for the balance of the 24-h period. Dosage volumes up to 120 ml/kg/day can be infused for 28 days and larger volumes for shorter periods. Up to three separate catheters can be inserted to allow coadministration of compounds for assessment of potential interactions. Body weight, ophthalmoscopy, blood sampling, electrocardiography, and indirect blood pressure measurement can be performed during infusion. Histopathologic common changes in all species include thrombosis, proliferation of vascular intima, and various local inflammatory changes at the infusion site in the vicinity of the catheter tip. These generally are considered to be due to physical irritation by the catheter. Secondary changes include pulmonary microemboli or thrombosis and histiocytosis in hepatic sinusoids often with erythrophago-cytosis. The main findings associated with infusion of very large volumes are reticulocytosis and increased hematopoiesis. These spontaneous findings must be distinguished from those possibly related to administration of the test material and/or vehicle.

scholarly journals Metabolic Effects of Catecholamines in Sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Adrenaline Infusion ◽  
Adrenaline Injection

Intravenous infusion of 1� 5 mg adrenaline over 30 min into adult Merino wethers (50 kg body weight), increased glucose, lactate, and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations in plasma much more than did a single rapid intravenous injection of the same amount. There was no increase in plasma insulin concentration during adrenaline infusion or after adrenaline injection.

CONTINUOUS INTRAVENOUS INFUSION IN THE RAT, AND THE EFFECT ON THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS OF THE CONTINUOUS INFUSION OF GLUCOSE

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kinash ◽  
R. E. Haist
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Islets Of Langerhans ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Continuous Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Islet Tissue ◽  
Pancreas Weight

A method is described for the continuous intravenous infusion of fluids in the unanesthetized rat. When rats were infused continuously with glucose solutions for 6–14 days the total amount of islet tissue was greatly increased, as compared to that of saline-infused controls. This increase was evident also when considered in relation to pancreas weight or body weight.

scholarly journals Daily, intermittent intravenous infusion of peptide YY(3-36) reduces daily food intake and adiposity in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. R298-R305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth K. Chelikani ◽  
Alvin C. Haver ◽  
Joseph R. Reeve ◽  
David A. Keire ◽  
Roger D. Reidelberger
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Sustained Reduction ◽  
Gut Hormone

The gut hormone peptide YY(3-36) [PYY(3-36)] decreases food intake when administered by intravenous infusion to lean and obese humans and rats. Whether chronic administration of PYY(3-36) produces a sustained reduction in food intake and adiposity is the subject of intense debate. Batterham et al. (R. L. Batterham, M. A. Cowley, C. J. Small, H. Herzog, M. A. Cohen, C. L. Dakin, A. M. Wren, A. E. Brynes, M. J. Low, M. A. Ghatei, R. D. Cone, and S. R. Bloom. Nature 418: 650–654, 2002) first reported that PYY(3-36) reduces food intake and weight gain in rats when injected into the peritoneal cavity twice daily for 7 days. Numerous laboratories have failed to confirm that daily injections of PYY(3-36) decrease body weight. Continuous subcutaneous administration of PYY(3-36) by osmotic minipump has been reported to reduce daily food intake in rodents but only during the first 3–4 days of administration. Here we show the effects of different daily patterns of intravenous infusion of PYY(3-36) on food intake, body weight, and adiposity in rats tethered via infusion swivels to computer-controlled pumps. Measurement of food bowl weight recorded by computer every 20 s permitted daily assessment of the instantaneous effects of PYY(3-36) administration on food intake and meal patterns. One-hour intravenous infusions of PYY(3-36) at 30 pmol·kg−1·min−1 every other hour for 10 days produced a sustained reduction in daily food intake of ∼20% and decreased body weight and adiposity by 7 and 35%, respectively. Thus dosage pattern is critical for producing a sustained effect of PYY(3-36) on food intake and adiposity.

Protein synthesis in muscle of mature sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. W. Bryant ◽  
R. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Vastus Intermedius ◽  
Plasma Tyrosine

SUMMARYProtein synthesis was measured in wether sheep by constant intravenous infusion of [3H]tyrosine. The specific radioactivity of plasma tyrosine at plateau was used to calculate tyrosine flux and the rate of protein synthesis in the whole body was estimated. For wethers fed hay and concentrates tyrosine flux was 2·46 mmol/h and protein synthesized was 5·29 g/kg body weight per day. Corresponding values for wethers fed barley straw were 30–35% lower.Fractional rates of protein synthesis in individual muscles were between 2 and 3% per day for diaphragm, longissimus dorsi, gastrocnemius, semitendinosus and vastus lateralis muscles from wethers fed hay and concentrates, but the value for vastus intermedius was higher. Corresponding rates for wethers fed barley straw were 18–36% lower.

scholarly journals Glucose utilization in the horse

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. H. Ford ◽  
Joan Evans
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Endogenous Glucose Production ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Before And After

1. Total entry, irreversible loss and recycling rates of glucose were measured in four non-pregnant female Shetland ponies before and after a 24 h fast by the continuous intravenous infusion of a mixture of [U-14C] glucose and [2-3H]glucose.2. The post-fasting fall in the concentration of glucose and the rise in the concentration of ketones in plasma were not significant.3. After fasting, the total entry rate fell from 1·44±0·11 (n 4) to 1·19±0·12 mg/min per kg body-weight (P > 0·01) and irreversible loss fell from 1·36±0·10 (n 4) to 1·05±0·10 mg/min per kg body-weight (P > 0·02). Recycling rate did not change significantly.4. In one pony the intravenous infusion of glucose at rates of 0·52, 1·0 or 1·64 mg/min per kg body-weight had no appreciable effect on endogenous glucose production whereas in a second pony, similarly fed, total entry was depressed by 43% and irreversible loss by 54%.5. Irreversible loss of glucose in the horse is similar to that of many other species.

Pituitary-adrenal function in the immature ovine foetus

1995 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
A C McFarlane ◽  
S Potocnik ◽  
M Towstoless ◽  
K Moritz ◽  
E M Wintour
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Basal Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Abstract Pituitary-adrenal responses to intravenous infusion of ovine corticotrophin-releasing hormone (oCRH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) and to haemorrhage were examined in the ovine foetus prior to 90 days of gestation (term 145–150 days). In chronically cannulated foetuses (n=8), between 74 and 84 days of gestation, basal ACTH levels were less than 20 pg/ml while cortisol levels were 6·5 ± 1·5 nmol/l (mean±s.e m.). Intravenous infusion of oCRH (1 μg/h for 60 min) or AVP (1 μg/h for 60 min) significantly increased ACTH (P<0·05 for both treatments) and cortisol (P<0·01 for both treatments) levels, although the response to both hormones was modest. In acutely studied foetuses of a similar age (70–90 days of gestation, mean 82·0 ± 1·4 days, n=7), exteriorization and progressive haemorrhage significantly (P<0·05) elevated ACTH levels from 117·4 ± 32·1 pg/ml to a maximal value of 329·2 ± 112·8 pg/ml, the maximal ACTH response corresponding to the removal of a volume of blood equivalent to 6·6 ±1·2% of the pre-haemorrhage body weight. The present study has demonstrated that the ovine foetal pituitary, in vivo, is responsive to exogenous and endogenous stimuli by mid-gestation and, at this age, although basal cortisol levels are low, the foetal adrenal is capable of responding to elevated ACTH levels in the short term. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 145, 455–460

Metabolic clearance rate of adrenocorticotropin in the rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1079-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josée Lalonde ◽  
Maurice Normand
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Metabolic Clearance Rate ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Adrenal Cells ◽  
Acth Concentration ◽  
Acth Release

The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was estimated after the intravenous infusion of graded rates of the hormone (40–2560 μU/min per 100 g body weight) in rats pretreated with chlorpromazine, morphine, and Nembutal, a preparation which proved effective in blocking endogenous ACTH release. The hormone was infused over a period of 45 min, at which time the plasma ACTH concentration had reached a steady state. A specific and sensitive bioassay, based on the corticosterone production of dispersed adrenal cells, was used to measure the plasma ACTH concentration. With increasing infusion rates of ACTH, a threefold decrease in the MCR of ACTH was observed. Previous studies of our group have shown that the MCR of corticosterone increases as a function of the infusion rate of the steroid. It appears, therefore, that the metabolism of these two hormonal links of the hypothalarno–pituitary–adrenocortical axis vary in opposite fashions as a function of the secretion rate of the hormone.

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