Maternal Antibody Response, Neutralizing Potency, and Placental Antibody Transfer After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Infection

AbstractIn addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans are also susceptible to six other coronaviruses, for which consecutive exposures to antigenically related and divergent seasonal coronaviruses are frequent. Despite the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing research, the nature of the antibody response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unclear. Here we longitudinally profile the early humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and quantify levels of pre-existing immunity to OC43, HKU1 and 229E seasonal coronaviruses, and find a strong back-boosting effect to conserved but not variable regions of OC43 and HKU1 betacoronaviruses spike protein. However, such antibody memory boost to human coronaviruses negatively correlates with the induction of IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid protein. Our findings thus provide evidence of immunological imprinting by previous seasonal coronavirus infections that can potentially modulate the antibody profile to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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ELICITATION OF THE MATERNAL ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO THE FETUS BY A BROADLY SHARED MHC CLASS I ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT

Transplantation Journal ◽

10.1097/00007890-198402000-00014 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 187-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

AHMED M. GHANI ◽

THOMAS J. GILL ◽

HEINZ W. KUNZ ◽

DHIRENDRA N. MISRA

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Mhc Class I ◽

Antigenic Determinant ◽

Maternal Antibody ◽

Class I

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Maternal antibody response at delivery and perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in African women

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90126-0 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 343 (8904) ◽

pp. 1001-1005 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

M. Lallemant ◽

S. Lallemant-Le Coeur ◽

M. Essex ◽

A. Baillou ◽

F. Barin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Perinatal Transmission ◽

Maternal Antibody ◽

African Women ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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Differences in Antibody Kinetics and Functionality Between Severe and Mild Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiaa463 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 222 (8) ◽

pp. 1265-1269 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ger Rijkers ◽

Jean-Luc Murk ◽

Bas Wintermans ◽

Bieke van Looy ◽

Marcel van den Berge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Virus Neutralization ◽

Neutralization Titer ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Leave Of Absence ◽

Antibody Kinetics

Abstract We determined and compared the humoral immune response in patients with severe (hospitalized) and mild (nonhospitalized) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients with severe disease (n = 38) develop a robust antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A antibodies. The geometric mean 50% virus neutralization titer is 1:240. SARS-CoV-2 infection was found in hospital personnel (n = 24), who developed mild symptoms necessitating leave of absence and self-isolation, but not hospitalization; 75% developed antibodies, but with low/absent virus neutralization (60% with titers <1:20). While severe COVID-19 patients develop a strong antibody response, mild SARS-CoV-2 infections induce a modest antibody response. Long-term monitoring will show whether these responses predict protection against future infections.

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Antibody response and viraemia during the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus infection

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.45561-0 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 435-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Weijun Chen ◽

Zuyuan Xu ◽

Jingsong Mu ◽

Ling Yang ◽

Haixue Gan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Time Course ◽

Recovery Phase ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Convalescent Phase ◽

Coronavirus Infection

To understand the time-course of viraemia and antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), RT-PCR and ELISA were used to assay 376 blood samples from 135 SARS patients at various stages of the illness, including samples from patients who were in their early convalescent phase. The results showed that IgM antibodies decreased and became undetectable 11 weeks into the recovery phase. IgG antibodies, however, remained detectable for a period beyond 11 weeks and were found in 100 % of patients in the early convalescent phase. SARS-CoV viraemia mainly appeared 1 week after the onset of illness and then decreased over a period of 1 month, becoming undetectable in the blood samples of the convalescent patients. At the peak of viraemia, viral RNA was detectable in 75 % of blood samples from patients who were clinically diagnosed with SARS 1 or 2 weeks before the test.

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Maternal antibody response and maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92501-1 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 343 (8909) ◽

pp. 1364 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SrisakulC Kliks ◽

JayA Levy

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Maternal Antibody ◽

Hiv 1

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The Neutralizing Antibody Response against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and the Cytokine/Chemokine Release in Patients with Different Levels of Coronavirus Diseases 2019 Severity: Cytokine Storm Still Persists Despite Viral Disappearance in Critical Patients

JMA Journal ◽

10.31662/jmaj.2020-0083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Critical Patients ◽

Different Levels

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Magnitude and Kinetics of Anti–Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibody Responses and Their Relationship to Disease Severity

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa979 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Kara L Lynch ◽

Jeffrey D Whitman ◽

Noreen P Lacanienta ◽

Erica W Beckerdite ◽

Shannon A Kastner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Viral Neutralization ◽

Mild Disease ◽

Protein Receptor

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can be detected indirectly by measuring the host immune response. For some viruses, antibody concentrations correlate with host protection and viral neutralization, but in rare cases, antiviral antibodies can promote disease progression. Elucidation of the kinetics and magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response is essential to understand the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and identify potential therapeutic targets. Methods Sera (n = 533) from patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction–confirmed COVID-19 (n = 94 with acute infections and n = 59 convalescent patients) were tested using a high-throughput quantitative immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) assay that detects antibodies to the spike protein receptor binding domain and nucleocapsid protein. Individual and serial samples covered the time of initial diagnosis, during the disease course, and following recovery. We evaluated antibody kinetics and correlation between magnitude of the response and disease severity. Results Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 antibody production varied considerably. Among 52 patients with 3 or more serial specimens, 44 (84.6%) and 42 (80.8%) had observed IgM and IgG seroconversion at a median of 8 and 10 days, respectively. Compared to those with milder disease, peak measurements were significantly higher for patients admitted to the intensive care unit for all time intervals between 6 and 20 days for IgM, and all intervals after 5 days for IgG. Conclusions High-sensitivity assays with a robust dynamic range provide a comprehensive picture of host antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. IgM and IgG responses were significantly higher in patients with severe than mild disease. These differences may affect strategies for seroprevalence studies, therapeutics, and vaccine development.

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RNAemia Corresponds to Disease Severity and Antibody Response in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12091045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1045 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt ◽

Charlotte Meyer-Schwickerath ◽

Eva Heger ◽

Elena Knops ◽

Clara Lehmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Critical Case ◽

Early Stage ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Threshold Value ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

Systemic Component ◽

Respiratory Specimens

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a global health emergency. To improve the understanding of the systemic component of SARS-CoV-2, we investigated if viral load dynamics in plasma and respiratory samples are associated with antibody response and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in plasma samples from 14 (44%) out of 32 patients. RNAemia was detected in 5 out of 6 fatal cases. Peak IgG values were significantly lower in mild/moderate than in severe (0.6 (interquartile range, IQR, 0.4–3.2) vs. 11.8 (IQR, 9.9–13.0), adjusted p = 0.003) or critical cases (11.29 (IQR, 8.3–12.0), adjusted p = 0.042). IgG titers were significantly associated with virus Ct (Cycle threshold) value in plasma and respiratory specimens ((ß = 0.4, 95% CI (confidence interval, 0.2; 0.5), p < 0.001 and ß = 0.5, 95% CI (0.2; 0.6), p = 0.002). A classification as severe or a critical case was additionally inversely associated with Ct values in plasma in comparison to mild/moderate cases (ß = −3.3, 95% CI (−5.8; 0.8), p = 0.024 and ß = −4.4, 95% CI (−7.2; 1.6), p = 0.007, respectively). Based on the present data, our hypothesis is that the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a primary RNAemia, as a potential manifestation of a systemic infection. Additionally, the viral load in plasma seems to be associated with a worse disease outcome.

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