Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in Latin American countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1813-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Lamelas ◽  
Rafael Diaz ◽  
Andres Orlandini ◽  
Alvaro Avezum ◽  
Gustavo Oliveira ◽  
...  
Author(s):  
Luis Almeida TAVARES

O espaço rural brasileiro tem uma dimensão socioespacial, onde localizam atores sociais que historicamente constroem/ reconstroem sua realidade. Para sua análise predominam duas concepções: a normativa/demográfica, que não é utilizada pelo poder público brasileiro, mas usada nas análises por pesquisadores brasileiros, e é o critério que define o espaço rural em vários países europeus e latino-americanos; e a sociológica. Para sua melhor compreensão, partiu-se da origem dos municípios brasileiros, que vem do modelo da República Romana, de onde foi para a Península Ibérica, e o governo colonial português transpôs para cá. Quanto às normas jurídicas que delimitam seu perímetro urbano, vigoram desde o Estado Novo, por meio do vigente Decreto-Lei 318, de 1938; portanto, a delimitação do espaço rural e urbano normativamente é anacrônica e anômala. Na conclusão apresentam- se notas preliminares de uma nova tipologia para os municípios rurais brasileiros. The physical borders of the rural space: a demographic-normative conception Abstract The Brazilian rural space has a partner-dimension where social actors are located. These actors have built/rebuilt the reality. For the analysis of the rural space there are two main conceptions: normative/demographic, which is not used by the Brazilian public sector, but is used by Brazilian researchers, and it is the criterion used to define the rural space in several European and Latin American countries; and the sociological one. For better understanding, this analysis starts with the origin of Brazilian municipal districts, which were originated from the Roman Republic model, used in the Iberian Peninsula, and finally brought to Brazil by the Colonial Portuguese. In relation to juridical norms, Law number 318 delimits the urban perimeter since the “Estado Novo” period; therefore, the delimitation of the rural and urban space is anachronic and anomalous. At the conclusions, preliminary notes of a new typology for the Brazilian rural districts are presented.


2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (09) ◽  
pp. 675-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Olivera Angel ◽  
Paula Ristow ◽  
Albert Icksang Ko ◽  
Cecilia Di–Lorenzo

Introduction: Brucellosis is a re-emerging zoonosis with new cases reported each year in many Latin American countries, but it is mostly under-recognized. This study presents a serological investigation of infection with Brucella abortus and Brucella canis in a poor urban community in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Methodology: Human sera (n = 180) were randomly selected from 3,171 samples taken from healthy individuals during 2003-2004 and tested with C-ELISA for B. abortus and I-ELISA for B. canis. Results: Thirteen percent (24/180) of the individuals were positive for B. abortus and 4.6 % (8/174) were positive for B. canis. Among the variables studied only age (older than 45 years) appeared to be a risk factor for the detection of Brucella antibodies. Conclusion: These results indicate the presence of Brucella infection in this settlement and highlight the need to understand the epidemiology of infection under these circumstances to establish the necessary measures for surveillance and control.


Author(s):  
Carlos Garrido López

La revocación del mandato ha sido, hasta hace unas décadas, un mecanismo de democracia directa poco extendido y apenas usado fuera de EE.UU. La crisis de la representación y del sistema de partidos que padecieron varios países latinoamericanos condujo, sin embargo, a reparar en la revocación del mandato como una vía adicional de participación y control de los ciudadanos que podría estimular la receptividad y la responsabilidad de las autoridades electas. Y de ser una institución apenas conocida, la revocación se ha extendido a varios de los países latinoamericanos más importantes, al punto de convertirse en una de las señas distintivas de la región. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio comparado de la revocación del mandato en Argentina, Colombia y Perú, donde se ha limitado a las autoridades regionales y locales. Se analizan, asimismo, la revocación de los diputados y autoridades locales por decisión de los partidos y a iniciativa y votación popular en Panamá; la revocación en Ecuador, Venezuela y Bolivia, donde la institución se ha extendido a todos los cargos electos, incluido el presidente de la República; y la revocación del presidente y de los gobernadores de los entes federados en México tras la reforma constitucional impulsada en 2019 por López Obrador. El trabajo concluye con un balance de los diseños institucionales de la revocación del mandato, en el que se subraya la tensión existente entre el proyecto normativo y sus condiciones de realización.The recall was, until recent decades, a tool of direct democracy that was hardly known or used outside the United States. However, the crisis of representation and of the party system that several Latin American countries suffered led to recover the recall as an additional form of citizen participation and control that could boost receptivity and responsibility of elected authorities. In only three decades, the recall has moved from being barely known to spreading to the most important Latin American countries and becoming one of the distinctive features of the region. In this work we present a comparative study of the recall in Argentina, Colombia and the Republic of Peru, where it was limited to regional and local authorities. We also analyse the recall of local legislators and authorities by decision of the political parties and popular vote in Panama; the recall in Ecuador, Venezuela and Bolivia, where this institution has spread to all elected offices, including the president of the republic; and the recall of the president and governors of the federal entities of Mexico after the constitutional reform promoted by López Obrador. This work ends by assessing the institutional designs of the recall, where we emphasize the tension between draft legislation and its conditions for implementation.


Contraception ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anibal Faundes ◽  
Ellen Hardy ◽  
Quintina Reyes ◽  
Laura Pastene ◽  
Ramon Portes-Carrasco

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Hongqiu Gu ◽  
Koon K. Teo ◽  
Jian Bo ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
...  

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2049-2063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Schneider ◽  
Albino Belotto ◽  
Maria Paz Adé ◽  
Saskia Hendrickx ◽  
Luis Fernando Leanes ◽  
...  

Latin American countries made the political decision to eliminate human rabies transmitted by dogs by the year 2005. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate to what extent this goal has been reached. The epidemiological situation and control measures were analyzed and broken down within the countries by georeferencing. The 27 human cases reported in 2003 occurred in some 0.2% of the second-level geopolitical units (municipalities or counties) in the region, suggesting that the disease is a local problem. Several areas within the countries reported no more transmission of rabies in dogs. Nearly 1 million people potentially exposed to rabies received treatment. On average, 34,383 inhabitants per health post receive anti-rabies treatment (range: 4,300-148,043). Nearly 42 million dogs are vaccinated annually. Surveillance is considered fair according to the epidemiological criteria adopted by the study. Samples sent for rabies testing represent 0.05% of the estimated canine population (range: 0.001 to 0.2%). The countries are quite close to achieving the goal.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-572
Author(s):  
Nicolle Christine Sotsek ◽  
Drielle Sanchez Leitner ◽  
Bruno Lacerda Santos ◽  
Janilce dos Santos Negrão Messias ◽  
Adriana de Paula Lacerda Santos

Abstract Light wood frame (LWF) is a construction system considered innovative in Latin American countries, which has been used as a strategy to mitigate housing deficits. Since this construction system is new in these countries, a rigorous assessment of their manufacturing, construction and use is essential. Thus, this research aims to develop a method to evaluate the performance of LWF buildings in Brazil to help builders optimise the construction system in the country. The study made use of the literature to identify valuable criteria for a building performance evaluation using qualitative tools, such as questionnaires and the Delphi technique, to select specific criteria for the LWF system. Finally, statistic tools, criteria groups and weights were generated. As a result, the study established a framework with 5 dimensions, 19 criteria and 41 sub-criteria, thus understanding which the most important criteria are to be evaluated during the LWF building performance evaluation. Finally, the criteria with the highest scores refer to structural durability, maintenance, sealing and control of thermal, acoustic, visual and air quality comfort.


1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cole Blasier

The Cauca Valley in southwest Colombia offers a good closeup view of social change, the power struggle at the grass roots, and rural and urban problems in a country whose size and strategic location make her future a matter of special concern to those who seek to avoid violent solutions to Latin America's social problems.Colombia would seem to have better prospects for evolutionary development than several Latin American countries with less enlightened leadership and fewer democratic traditions. But Colombia's ruling groups face formidable, sometimes seemingly insoluble economic and social problems. The economy has been wobbly for years, buffeted by fiscal crises, foreign exchange shortages, quickening inflation, and urban unemployment. Also, Colombia has suffered more than any other country in this hemisphere from a species of internal war referred to locally as the violencia.


1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Muñiz ◽  
Gerardo Prieto ◽  
Leandro Almeida ◽  
Dave Bartram

Summary: The two main sources of errors in educational and psychological evaluation are the lack of adequate technical and psychometric characteristics of the tests, and especially the failure to properly implement the testing process. The main goal of the present research is to study the situation of test construction and test use in the Spanish-speaking (Spain and Latin American countries) and Portuguese-speaking (Portugal and Brazil) countries. The data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Association (EFPPA) Task Force on Tests and Testing, under the direction of D. Bartram . In addition to the questionnaire, other ad hoc data were also gathered. Four main areas of psychological testing were investigated: Educational, Clinical, Forensic and Work. Key persons were identified in each country in order to provide reliable information. The main results are presented, and some measures that could be taken in order to improve the current testing practices in the countries surveyed are discussed. As most of the tests used in these countries were originally developed in other cultures, a problem that appears to be especially relevant is the translation and adaptation of tests.


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