scholarly journals STROCSS 2021: strengthening the reporting of cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies in surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. e35-e35
Author(s):  
Ginimol Mathew ◽  
Riaz Agha
Keyword(s):  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals The Effect of Prophylactic HPV Vaccines on Oral and Oropharyngeal HPV Infection—A Systematic Review

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1339
Author(s):  
Kristoffer Juul Nielsen ◽  
Kathrine Kronberg Jakobsen ◽  
Jakob Schmidt Jensen ◽  
Christian Grønhøj ◽  
Christian Von Buchwald
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Oropharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Hpv Vaccines ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

Human papillomavirus (HPV) imposes an increased risk of developing cervical, anal and oropharyngeal cancer. In the Western world, HPV infection is currently the major cause of oropharyngeal cancer. The effectiveness of HPV vaccines for oral or oropharyngeal HPV infection is yet to be determined. This study conducted a systematic literature search in Pubmed and Embase. Studies investigating the impact of HPV vaccines on oral or oropharyngeal HPV infection were enrolled. This review reports the relative prevention percentage (RPP), including a risk of bias assessment as well as a quality assessment study. Nine studies were included (48,777 participants): five cross-sectional studies; one randomized community trial study (RCT); one longitudinal cohort study; and two case-control studies. A significant mean RPP of 83.9% (66.6–97.8%) was calculated from the cross-sectional studies, 82.4% in the included RCT and 83% in the longitudinal cohort study. Further, two case-control studies that measured antibody response in participants immunized with HPV vaccines were included. Respectively, 100% and 93.2% of participants developed HPV-16 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in oral fluids post-vaccination. Analysis of the studies identified a significant decrease in vaccine-type oral or oropharyngeal HPV infections in study participants immunized with HPV vaccines across study designs and heterogenous populations. Further, a significant percentage of participants developed IgG antibodies in oral fluid post-vaccination.

scholarly journals Subcortical ischemic vascular disease and cognition: A systematic review

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Sousa Alves ◽  
Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira Alves ◽  
Maria Elisa Lanna ◽  
Denise Madeira Moreira ◽  
Eliasz Engelhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Independent Factor ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Disease (SIVD) is underdiagnosed. This review investigates the relationship among SIVD severity, cognitive status and neuroimaging markers. Methods: Cohort, cross-sectional and case control studies were searched on ISI, Medline, Scielo, PsychoInfo and LILACS databases published between 1995 and 2006. Results: The most impaired cognitive domains were executive, attentional and memory retrieval mechanisms. These cognitive features were frequently associated to White Matter Lesions (WML). Conclusions: WML is an independent factor in cognitive decline. However, the threshold for this impact is not yet clearly established.

scholarly journals Epidemiological evidence relating environmental smoke to COPD in lifelong non-smokers: a systematic review

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Lee ◽  
Barbara A. Forey ◽  
Katharine J. Coombs ◽  
Jan S. Hamling ◽  
Alison J. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Exposure Index ◽  
Bias Estimation ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Main Index

Background: Some evidence suggests environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) might cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We reviewed available epidemiological data in never smokers. Methods: We identified epidemiological studies providing estimates of relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for various ETS exposure indices. Confounder-adjusted RRs for COPD were extracted, or derived using standard methods. Meta-analyses were conducted for each exposure index, with tests for heterogeneity and publication bias. For the main index (spouse ever smoked or nearest equivalent), analyses investigated variation in RR by location, publication period, study type, sex, diagnosis, study size, confounder adjustment, never smoker definition, and exposure index definition. Results: Twenty-eight relevant studies were identified; nine European or Middle Eastern, nine Asian, eight American and two from multiple countries. Five were prospective, seven case-control and 16 cross-sectional. The COPD definition involved death or hospitalisation in seven studies, GOLD stage 1+ criteria in twelve, and other definitions in nine. For the main index, random-effects meta-analysis of 33 heterogeneous (p<0.001) estimates gave a RR of 1.20 (95%CI 1.08-1.34). Higher estimates for females (1.59,1.16-2.19, n=11) than males (1.29,0.94-1.76, n=7) or sexes combined (1.10,0.99-1.22, n=15 where sex-specific not available), and lower estimates for studies of 150+ cases (1.08,0.97-1.20, n=13) partly explained the heterogeneity. Estimates were higher for Asian studies (1.34,1.08-1.67, n=10), case-control studies (1.55,1.04-2.32, n=8), and COPD mortality or hospitalisation (1.40,1.12-1.74, n=11). Some increase was seen for severer COPD (1.29,1.10-1.52, n=7). Dose-response evidence was heterogeneous. Evidence for childhood (0.88,0.72-1.07, n=2) and workplace (1.12,0.77-1.64, n=4) exposure was limited, but an increase was seen for overall adulthood exposure (1.20,1.03-1.39, n=17). We discuss study weaknesses that may bias estimation of the association of COPD with ETS. Conclusions: Although the evidence suggests ETS increases COPD, study weaknesses and absence of well-designed large studies precludes reliable inference of causality. More definitive evidence is required.

Assessment of knowledge, perception regarding biostatistics and interpretation of research among Moroccan Dental professionals

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
F Bourzgui ◽  
◽  
Z Abidine ◽  
S Diouny ◽  
Z Serhier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Perceived Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Statistical Knowledge ◽  
Cox's Regression ◽  
Response Percentage ◽  
Rate Of Response ◽  
Dental Professionals ◽  
Percentage Correct

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate dental professionals’ perception of biostatistics and interpretation of research results. Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among dental professionals of Casablanca Dental School, Morocco. 81 participants completed the questionnaire (rate of response 90%). The responses were assessed on 5-point Likert scale. With regards to biostatistics knowledge, one major result that stood out was the proportion of correct items in the questionnaire. Results: 60% of participants had a graduation duration ranging from 1 to 10 years. About two-thirds (62%) were professors and about 1 third (31%) were residents. 90% of the respondents wanted to learn more biostatistics. The overall mean percentage correct on statistical knowledge and interpretation of results was 19.4%. The most important response percentage was recorded for the knowledge of case-control studies (38.3%). The least important response percentage was 2.5% for Cox’s regression identification. Length of time after graduation and the participants’ grade were significantly associated with biostatistics knowledge. Discussion: The study concluded that dental professionals showed a low perceived knowledge of biostatistics concepts; thus, there is a need to implement biostatistics into dental programmes to meet dental professionals’ use in research and clinical practice.

Study designs which can demonstrate and test causation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthcare Interventions ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Study Designs

This chapter presents study designs which can test and show causation. Cohort and intervention studies compare people exposed to an agent or intervention with those unexposed or less exposed. Case-control studies compare people affected by a disease or outcome with a control group of unaffected people or representing a total population. Surveys select a sample of people, not chosen by exposure or outcome. Cohort studies may be prospective or retrospective; case-control studies are retrospective; surveys are cross-sectional in time, but retrospective or prospective aspects can be added. In part two, strengths, weaknesses and applications of these designs are shown. Intervention trials, ideally randomised, are the prime method of assessing healthcare interventions; special types include crossover trials and community-based trials. Non-randomised trials are noted. The strengths and weaknesses of cohort studies, case-control studies, and surveys are shown.

scholarly journals Urinary incontinence and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiano Pizzol ◽  
Jacopo Demurtas ◽  
Stefano Celotto ◽  
Stefania Maggi ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sf 36

Abstract Background Urinary incontinence (UI) and low quality of life (QoL) are two common conditions. Some recent literature proposed that these two entities can be associated. However, no attempt was made to collate this literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing data to estimate the strength of the association between UI and QoL. Methods An electronic search of major databases up to 18th April 2020 was carried out. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional and case–control studies comparing mean values in QoL between patients with UI and controls was performed, reporting random-effects standardized mean differences (SMDs) ± 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as the effect size. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I2. Results Out of 8279 articles initially screened, 23 were finally included for a total of 24,983 participants, mainly women. The mean age was ≥ 50 years in 12/23 studies. UI was significantly associated with poor QoL as assessed by the short-form 36 (SF-36) total score (n = 6 studies; UI: 473 vs. 2971 controls; SMD = − 0.89; 95% CI − 1.3 to − 0.42; I2 = 93.5) and by the sub-scales of SF-36 and 5/8 of the domains included in the SF-36. Similar results were found using other QoL tools. The risk of bias of the studies included was generally high. Conclusions UI is associated with a poor QoL, with a strong level of certainty. This work, however, mainly based on cross-sectional and case–control studies, highlights the necessity of future longitudinal studies for better understanding the importance of UI on QoL.

Risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic scoping review of multiple predictor studies

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 915-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hempel ◽  
D. Chambers ◽  
A.-M. Bagnall ◽  
C. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome

BackgroundThe aetiology of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is still unknown. The identification of risk factors for CFS/ME is of great importance to practitioners.MethodA systematic scoping review was conducted to locate studies that analysed risk factors for CFS/ME using multiple predictors. We searched for published and unpublished literature in 11 electronic databases, reference lists of retrieved articles and guideline stakeholder submissions in conjunction with the development of a forthcoming national UK guideline. Risk factors and findings were extracted in a concise tabular overview and studies synthesized narratively.ResultsEleven studies were identified that met inclusion criteria: two case-control studies, four cohort studies, three studies combining a cohort with a case-control study design, one case-control and twin study and one cross-sectional survey. The studies looked at a variety of demographic, medical, psychological, social and environmental factors to predict the development of CFS/ME. The existing body of evidence is characterized by factors that were analysed in several studies but without replication of a significant association in more than two studies, and by studies demonstrating significant associations of specific factors that were not assessed in other studies. None of the identified factors appear suitable for the timely identification of patients at risk of developing CFS/ME within clinical practice.ConclusionsVarious potential risk factors for the development of CFS/ME have been assessed but definitive evidence that appears meaningful for clinicians is lacking.

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