scholarly journals Clonal reproduction and genetic caste differences in a queen-polymorphic ant, Vollenhovia emeryi

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyohsuke Ohkawara ◽  
Megumi Nakayama ◽  
Atsumi Satoh ◽  
Andreas Trindl ◽  
Jürgen Heinze
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Paternal Allele ◽  
Social Hymenoptera ◽  
Wasmannia Auropunctata ◽  
Genetic Caste Determination ◽  
Vollenhovia Emeryi ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Caste Differences

Most social Hymenoptera are characterized by simple haploid sex determination and environment-based caste differentiation. This appears to be strikingly different in the queen-polymorphic ant Vollenhovia emeryi . Almost all long- and short-winged queens from a population in Central Japan were homozygous at three microsatellite loci, whereas workers were mostly heterozygous, suggesting either a complex system of genetic caste determination or, more likely, the production of female sexuals from unfertilized eggs by thelytokous parthenogenesis and of workers from fertilized eggs. Furthermore, male genotypes were not compatible with those of the queens and had exclusively the paternal allele found in the sterile, heterozygous workers, probably because males are produced from fertilized eggs after the exclusion of maternal nuclear DNA as recently reported for Wasmannia auropunctata . The genus Vollenhovia might provide an interesting model system to trace the evolution of unusual caste and sex determination systems.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic Analysis of the Asian Box Turtles of the Genus Cuora (Testudines, Geoemydidae)

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Clemente ◽  
Sofia Mazzoleni ◽  
Eleonora Pensabene ◽  
Tomáš Protiva ◽  
Philipp Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Telomeric Repeats ◽  
Rdna Loci ◽  
Box Turtles ◽  
Genotypic Sex Determination ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Almost All

The Asian box turtle genus Cuora currently comprises 13 species with a wide distribution in Southeast Asia, including China and the islands of Indonesia and Philippines. The populations of these species are rapidly declining due to human pressure, including pollution, habitat loss, and harvesting for food consumption. Notably, the IUCN Red List identifies almost all species of the genus Cuora as Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR). In this study, we explore the karyotypes of 10 Cuora species with conventional (Giemsa staining, C-banding, karyogram reconstruction) and molecular cytogenetic methods (in situ hybridization with probes for rDNA loci and telomeric repeats). Our study reveals a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 52 chromosomes in all studied species, with karyotypes of similar chromosomal morphology. In all examined species, rDNA loci are detected at a single medium-sized chromosome pair and the telomeric repeats are restricted to the expected terminal position across all chromosomes. In contrast to a previous report, sex chromosomes are neither detected in Cuoragalbinifrons nor in any other species. Therefore, we assume that these turtles have either environmental sex determination or genotypic sex determination with poorly differentiated sex chromosomes. The conservation of genome organization could explain the numerous observed cases of interspecific hybridization both within the genus Cuora and across geoemydid turtles.

scholarly journals Structure and phylogeography of two tropical predators, spinner ( Stenella longirostris ) and pantropical spotted ( S. attenuata ) dolphins, from SNP data

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 171615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Leslie ◽  
Phillip A. Morin
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Stenella Longirostris ◽  
Spinner Dolphin ◽  
Spinner Dolphins ◽  
Almost All

Little is known about global patterns of genetic connectivity in pelagic dolphins, including how circumtropical pelagic dolphins spread globally following the rapid and recent radiation of the subfamily delphininae. In this study, we tested phylogeographic hypotheses for two circumtropical species, the spinner dolphin ( Stenella longirostris ) and the pantropical spotted dolphin ( Stenella attenuata ), using more than 3000 nuclear DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each species. Analyses for population structure indicated significant genetic differentiation between almost all subspecies and populations in both species. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses of spinner dolphins showed deep divergence between Indo-Pacific, Atlantic and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) lineages. Despite high morphological variation, our results show very close relationships between endemic ETP spinner subspecies in relation to global diversity. The dwarf spinner dolphin is a monophyletic subspecies nested within a major clade of pantropical spinner dolphins from the Indian and western Pacific Ocean populations. Population-level division among the dwarf spinner dolphins was detected—with the northern Australia population being very different from that in Indonesia. In contrast to spinner dolphins, the major boundary for spotted dolphins is between offshore and coastal habitats in the ETP, supporting the current subspecies-level taxonomy. Comparing these species underscores the different scale at which population structure can arise, even in species that are similar in habitat (i.e. pelagic) and distribution.

scholarly journals NUCLEAR FLUORESCENCE EMPLOYING ANTINUCLEOSIDE IMMUNOGLOBULINS

1967 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Klein ◽  
Sam M. Beiser ◽  
Bernard F. Erlanger
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Almost All ◽  
In Cells

Fluoresceinated antinucleoside globulins were shown to react with the nuclei of L cells. The pattern of nuclear fluorescence was similar to the distribution of nuclear DNA. This reaction was shown to be specific by the following control experiments: 1. Absorption of the specific antibody from an antiadenosine globulin eliminated all fluorescence. 2. Treatment of the cells with nonfluorescent antiadenosine globulin, followed by staining with the fluorescent antiadenosine eliminated almost all of the fluorescence of the nucleus. 3. Treatment of the cells with DNase destroyed the ability of the nucleus to react with antiuridine fluorescent antibodies. 4. Fluoresceinated anti-BSA did not produce nuclear fluorescence. Nuclear fluorescence occurred only in cells harvested during the period of maximum DNA synthesis as measured by the uptake of thymidine. This correlates with the previously demonstrated specificity of the antibodies for denatured DNA.

scholarly journals Scute structure reveals sex of juvenile and young sturgeon in caviar aquaculture technology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai V. Barulin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Machine Learning Method ◽  
Sturgeon Species ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
Determination Methods ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Almost All

AbstractSturgeons are valued as specialty black caviar, which is very expensive. Only females are used in the technology of caviar aquaculture. Universal method of sex determination has not yet been developed. Most of known methods are not sufficiently accurate, or used at a relatively late age, or difficult to use. Perfect early determination of sex is considered to be impossible. Because of the dark color of most sturgeon, important morphological differences, which fish of almost all ages have, were overlooked. We first found that the scute structure of Sterlet and Siberian sturgeon depends on the sex, such a pattern is typical for sturgeon of all ages. We found that sex determination is possible at very early stages. Dependencies found with the help of machine learning method open a possibility for creation of sex determination equipment using the artificial intelligence. Our results open a perspective for creation of the sex determination methods for other 23 sturgeon species, which can increase the efficiency of caviar aquaculture and sturgeon restoration in natural waters.

scholarly journals The evolution of queen control over worker reproduction in the social Hymenoptera

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Olejarz ◽  
Carl Veller ◽  
Martin A. Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Mating Frequency ◽  
Social Hymenoptera ◽  
Queen Control ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Colony Efficiency ◽  
Worker Sterility ◽  
Reproductive Division Of Labor ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Reproductive Division

AbstractA trademark of eusocial insect species is reproductive division of labor, in which workers forego their own reproduction while the queen produces almost all offspring. The presence of the queen is key for maintaining social harmony, but the specific role of the queen in the evolution of eusociality remains unclear. A long-discussed scenario is that a queen either behaviorally or chemically sterilizes her workers. However, the demographic and ecological conditions that enable such manipulation are unknown. Accordingly, we propose a simple model of evolutionary dynamics that is based on haplodiploid genetics. We consider a mutation that acts in a queen, causing her to control the reproductive behavior of her workers. Our mathematical analysis yields precise conditions for the evolutionary emergence and stability of queen-induced worker sterility. These conditions do not depend on the queen's mating frequency. Moreover, we find that queen control is always established if it increases colony reproductive efficiency and can evolve even if it decreases colony efficiency. We further outline the conditions under which queen control is evolutionarily stable against invasion by mutant, reproductive workers.

scholarly journals A revision of the Dictyostelium discoideum cell cycle

1984 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Weijer ◽  
G. Duschl ◽  
C.N. David
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
G2 Phase ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Nuclear Dna Contents ◽  
Synchronized Cultures

We have investigated the Dictyostelium discoideum cell cycle using fluorometric determinations of cellular and nuclear DNA contents in exponentially growing cultures and in synchronized cultures. Almost all cells are in G2 during both growth and development. There is no G1 period, S phase is less than 0.5 h, and G2 has an average length of 6.5 h in axenically grown cells. Mitochondrial DNA, which constitutes about half of the total DNA, is replicated throughout the cell cycle. There is no difference in the nuclear DNA contents of axenically grown and bacterially grown cells. Thus the long cell cycle in axenically grown cells is due to a lengthening of the G2 phase.

Caste-biased Expression of fem and Amdsx Genes in Apis mellifera ligustica (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Sociobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 5654
Author(s):  
Lu-Xia Pan ◽  
Fu-Ping Cheng ◽  
Zi-Long Wang
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Apis Mellifera Ligustica

Sex determination and caste differentiation are two crucial processes for morphology building in honeybees. It is unclear whether there is an interaction between these two processes. Here, we investigated the expression of fem and Amdsx genes between female castes of honeybees. We found that the expression of fem and Amdsx is significantly higher in queens than in workers, and this expression was positively regulated by juvenile hormone (JH). Our results suggest that sex-determining genes fem and Amdsx are also involved in honeybee caste differentiation.

scholarly journals Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia in Tomm5–/– Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vogel ◽  
R. W. Read ◽  
J. E. Rehg ◽  
G. M. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Organizing Pneumonia ◽  
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia ◽  
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tissue Matrix

Almost all mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear DNA and synthesized in the cytosol as pre-proteins. There is a protein translocase located in the mitochondrial outer membrane that transports mitochondrial pre-proteins into mitochondria. The central component of this translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOMM) complex is TOMM40, and TOMM5 is one of three small subunits associated with TOMM40. Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 5 homolog ( Tomm5–/–) knockout mice demonstrated an unexpected lung-specific phenotype characterized by widespread intra-alveolar fibrosis. Although TOMM5-deficient mice tested normal in a very broad range of phenotyping assays, they displayed histopathological lesions in the lung that were consistent with those reported in humans with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), which is also known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). The lesions had a patchy distribution in the lung and were characterized by the presence of intraluminal fibrogenic buds consisting of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts embedded in a loose connective tissue matrix that occupied the lumina of alveoli and alveolar ducts, with preservation of underlying alveolar architecture. In addition to macrophages, which were numerous in affected and surrounding alveoli, eosinophils comprised the most common and widespread inflammatory cell. Taken together, the findings in Tomm5–/– mice provide yet another example of the value of histopathology as a baseline assay in high-throughput phenotyping systems.

scholarly journals Lifelong commitment to the wrong partner: hybridization in ants

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1505) ◽  
pp. 2891-2899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Feldhaar ◽  
Susanne Foitzik ◽  
Jürgen Heinze
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Lifelong Partner ◽  
Ant Males ◽  
Species Hybridization

The extraordinary lifelong partner commitment in social insects is expected to increase choosiness in both sexes and therefore to be associated with particularly low hybridization frequencies. Yet, more and more studies reveal that in many ant taxa hybrids are surprisingly common, with up to half of all female sexuals receiving sperm from allospecific males in extreme cases. In a few ant species, hybridization has led to the evolution of reproductively isolated new lineages with a bizarre system of genetic caste differentiation: colonies produce hybrid workers and pure-lineage female sexuals. This requires that colonies either contain multiple queens or that queens mate multiple times. In most other cases, hybridization appears to be an evolutionary dead end and fertile hybrid queens are rarely found. In such cases, haplodiploid sex determination appears to decrease the costs of mating with an allospecific male. As long as hybrid workers are viable, a cross-mated queen can partially rescue its fitness by producing males from unfertilized eggs. Mating with an allospecific partner may thus be an option for queens when conspecific mates are not available. The morphological similarity of most ant males, perhaps resulting from the lack of sexual conflict, may similarly contribute to the commonness of hybridization.

scholarly journals Unrelated males in colonies of facultatively social bee

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mikát ◽  
Daniel Benda ◽  
Jakub Straka
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Social Hymenoptera ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Social Bee ◽  
Main Factor

AbstractColonies of social Hymenoptera are usually groups of closely related females, in which the dominant female(s) is specialized for reproduction and subordinate females care for immature offspring. Kin selection is thought to be the main factor that supports social cohesion. We have discovered a simple society of the bee Ceratina chalybea with an average of 4.68 colony members that cannot be maintained by kin selection alone. These colonies consisted of old reproductive female, young adults and provisioned brood cells. About half of young adults are unrelated to the old female, and almost all of the young adults are male. The old female provisions new brood cells, while continuing to feed young adult offspring. As young adults do not perform demanding or risky activities, they incur little or no cost, but they do benefit from the food they obtain from the old female.

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