scholarly journals A fruit in the hand or two in the bush? Divergent risk preferences in chimpanzees and bonobos

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R Heilbronner ◽  
Alexandra G Rosati ◽  
Jeffrey R Stevens ◽  
Brian Hare ◽  
Marc D Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Economic Choice ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Risk Sensitive ◽  
In The Wild

Human and non-human animals tend to avoid risky prospects. If such patterns of economic choice are adaptive, risk preferences should reflect the typical decision-making environments faced by organisms. However, this approach has not been widely used to examine the risk sensitivity in closely related species with different ecologies. Here, we experimentally examined risk-sensitive behaviour in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) and bonobos ( Pan paniscus ), closely related species whose distinct ecologies are thought to be the major selective force shaping their unique behavioural repertoires. Because chimpanzees exploit riskier food sources in the wild, we predicted that they would exhibit greater tolerance for risk in choices about food. Results confirmed this prediction: chimpanzees significantly preferred the risky option, whereas bonobos preferred the fixed option. These results provide a relatively rare example of risk-prone behaviour in the context of gains and show how ecological pressures can sculpt economic decision making.

scholarly journals Living a dog’s life: a putative gray wolf in a feral dog group

Mammalia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Elitsa Popova ◽  
Diana Zlatanova
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Feral Dogs ◽  
In The Wild

AbstractThe gray wolf and the domestic dog are closely related species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. In settings where unrestrained dogs are present in the wild, hybridization can happen naturally. However, the behavior of the resulting hybrids and their ecological impact is largely understudied. In September–November 2018, a putative gray wolf was repeatedly camera-trapped in a group of 10 presumably feral dogs in a remote mountainous area (the Osogovo Mountain) along the border between Bulgaria and North Macedonia. The most feasible explanation for this individual’s atypical behavior is that it is of hybrid origin (assumption based on phenotype). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented observation of such a kind. A discussion of its recruitment and position in the group is presented, setting the basis for further investigation of the complex interaction between wolves, dogs and hybrids in the wild.

Reproductive isolation between two closely related species of the Queensland fruit fly Dracus tryoni (Frogg) and D. neohumeralis Hardy (Diptera : Tephritidae) I. Variation in humeral callus pattern and the occurrence of intermediate colour forms in the wild

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Wolda
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Similar Variation ◽  
In The Wild

A number of samples from wild populations of the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni and D. neohumeralis, were studied. There is a considerable variation in the colour pattern on the humeral callus. This variation is continuous so that any criterion for distinguishing between "intermediates" and "good species" is purely arbitrary. It was found in areas where D. neohumeralis does not occur as well as in localities where it is very abundant. By whatever criterion one defines intermediates, there appears to be no relation between the frequency of such forms and the presence or absence of D. neohumeralis or with the relative proportions of the two species in the population. However, flies with only a very small yellow area on an otherwise brown humeral callus were found only in Cairns where D. neohumeralis is usually the most abundant species. A similar variation in humeral callus pattern was found in other related species, such as D. kraussi and D. halfordiae. It is concluded that the intermediate colour forms may not be hybrids between D. tryoni and D. neohumeralis but variants of D. tryoni and, possibly the darker forms from Cairns, of D. neohumeralis.

scholarly journals Contact-Chemosensory Evolution Underlying Reproductive Isolation in Drosophila Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosei Sato ◽  
Daisuke Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Premating Isolation ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Neural Activities

The main theme of the review is how changes in pheromone biochemistry and the sensory circuits underlying pheromone detection contribute to mate choice and reproductive isolation. The review focuses primarily on gustatory and non-volatile signals in Drosophila. Premating isolation is prevalent among closely related species. In Drosophila, preference for conspecifics against other species in mate choice underlies premating isolation, and such preference relies on contact chemosensory communications between a female and male along with other biological factors. For example, although D. simulans and D. melanogaster are sibling species that yield hybrids, their premating isolation is maintained primarily by the contrasting effects of 7,11-heptacosadiene (7,11-HD), a predominant female pheromone in D. melanogaster, on males of the two species: it attracts D. melanogaster males and repels D. simulans males. The contrasting preference for 7,11-HD in males of these two species is mainly ascribed to opposite effects of 7,11-HD on neural activities in the courtship decision-making neurons in the male brain: 7,11-HD provokes both excitatory and inhibitory inputs in these neurons and differences in the balance between the two counteracting inputs result in the contrasting preference for 7,11-HD, i.e., attraction in D. melanogaster and repulsion in D. simulans. Introduction of two double bonds is a key step in 7,11-HD biosynthesis and is mediated by the desaturase desatF, which is active in D. melanogaster females but transcriptionally inactivated in D. simulans females. Thus, 7,11-HD biosynthesis diversified in females and 7,11-HD perception diversified in males, yet it remains elusive how concordance of the changes in the two sexes was attained in evolution.

scholarly journals The effect of economic situation on time and risk preferences: Does financial literacy matter?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matus Adamkovic ◽  
Marcel Martončik ◽  
Ivan Ropovik
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Economic Decision ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Causal Pathway

Socioeconomic status is considered to have an effect on one`s economic decision-making, inducing more myopic preferences in poor people. The relationship, however, might not be that straightforward, as economic decision-making should be also determined by financial literacy. Employing a pre-registered cross-validation procedure, we tested a structural model outlining a causal mechanism of relationships between poverty, its perception, financial literacy, and economic decision-making in terms of time-discounting and risk preferences. Even after respecifying the model in the exploratory dataset, the confirmatory analyses showed mostly weak or inconclusive relationships, suggesting that time-discounting and risk preferences are rather stable traits, almost independent of one`s long-term economic situation, its perception, and financial literacy. The results suggest that financial literacy seems not to be on a causal pathway linking economic situation and economic preferences.

scholarly journals Species integrity enhanced by a predation cost to hybrids in the wild

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 20170208 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Anders Nilsson ◽  
Kaj Hulthén ◽  
Ben B. Chapman ◽  
Lars-Anders Hansson ◽  
Jakob Brodersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Great Cormorant ◽  
Phalacrocorax Carbo ◽  
Hybrid Fitness ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Ecological Selection ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Species Integrity

Species integrity can be challenged, and even eroded, if closely related species can hybridize and produce fertile offspring of comparable fitness to that of parental species. The maintenance of newly diverged or closely related species therefore hinges on the establishment and effectiveness of pre- and/or post-zygotic reproductive barriers. Ecological selection, including predation, is often presumed to contribute to reduced hybrid fitness, but field evidence for a predation cost to hybridization remains elusive. Here we provide proof-of-concept for predation on hybrids being a postzygotic barrier to gene flow in the wild. Cyprinid fishes commonly produce fertile, viable hybrid offspring and therefore make excellent study organisms to investigate ecological costs to hybrids. We electronically tagged two freshwater cyprinid fish species (roach Rutilus rutilus and bream Abramis brama ) and their hybrids in 2005. Tagged fish were returned to their lake of origin, exposing them to natural predation risk from apex avian predators (great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo ). Scanning for regurgitated tags under cormorant roosts 3–4 years later identified cormorant-killed individual fish and allowed us to directly test for a predation cost to hybrids in the wild. Hybrid individuals were found significantly more susceptible to cormorant predation than individuals from either parental species. Such ecological selection against hybrids contributes to species integrity, and can enhance species diversification.

scholarly journals A pre-zygotic barrier to hybridization in two con-generic species of scleractinian corals

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H. Baird ◽  
Vivian R. Cumbo ◽  
Joana Figueiredo ◽  
Saki Harii
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Evolutionary Novelty ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
The Family ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
In The Wild

Hybridization is often cited as a potential source of evolutionary novelty in the order Scleractinia. While hybrid embryos can be produced in vitro, it has been difficult to identify adult hybrids in the wild. Here, we tested the potential for hybridization between two closely related species in the family Fungiidae. We mixed approximately 5000 eggs of Ctenactis echinata with sperm from Ctenactis crass. No hybrid embryos were produced. This observation adds to a growing body of evidence for pre-zygotic barriers to hybridization in corals and challenges the claim that hybridization is a major source of evolutionary novelty in the order.

scholarly journals Reproductive interference hampers species coexistence despite conspecific sperm precedence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Iritani ◽  
Suzuki Noriyuki
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Reproductive Interference ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Sperm Precedence ◽  
Interspecific Mating ◽  
Closely Related Species

AbstractNegative interspecific mating interactions, known as reproductive interference, can hamper species coexistence in a local patch and promote niche partitioning or geographical segregation of closely related species. Conspecific sperm precedence (CSP), which occurs when females that have mated with both conspecific and heterospecific males preferentially use conspecific sperm for fertilization, might contribute to species coexistence by mitigating the costs of interspecific mating and hybridization. We examined whether two closely related species exhibiting CSP can coexist in a local environment in the presence of reproductive interference. First, using a behaviourally explicit mathematical model, we demonstrated that two species characterized by negative mating interactions are unlikely to coexist because the costs of reproductive interference, such as loss of mating opportunity with conspecific partners, are inevitably incurred when individuals of both species are present. Second, we experimentally demonstrated differences in mating activity and preference in twoHarmonialadybird species known to exhibit CSP. According to the developed mathematical model of reproductive interference, these behavioural differences should lead to local extinction ofH. yedoensisbecause of reproductive interference byH. axyridis. This prediction is consistent with field observations thatH. axyridisuses various food sources and habitats whereasH. yedoensisis confined to a less preferred prey item and a pine tree habitat. Finally, by a comparative approach, we showed that niche partitioning or parapatric distribution, but not sympatric coexistence in the same habitat, is maintained between species with CSP belonging to a wide range of taxa, including vertebrates and invertebrates living in aquatic or terrestrial environments. Taken together, these results lead us to conclude that reproductive interference generally destabilizes local coexistence even in closely related species that exhibit CSP.

scholarly journals Covert valuation for information sampling and choice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Lawrence Butler ◽  
Timothy H. Muller ◽  
Sebastijan Veselic ◽  
W.M. Nishantha Malalasekera ◽  
Laurence T Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Economic Choice ◽  
Simultaneous Processing ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Peripheral Cues ◽  
Information Sampling

We use our eyes to assess the value of objects around us and carefully fixate options that we are about to choose. Neurons in the prefrontal cortex reliably encode the value of fixated options, which is essential for decision making. Yet as a decision unfolds, it remains unclear how prefrontal regions determine which option should be fixated next. Here we show that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) encodes the value of options in the periphery to guide subsequent fixations during economic choice. In an economic decision-making task involving four simultaneously presented cues, we found rhesus macaques evaluated cues using their peripheral vision. This served two distinct purposes: subjects were more likely to fixate valuable peripheral cues, and more likely to choose valuable options whose cues were never even fixated. ACC, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex neurons all encoded cue value post-fixation. ACC was unique, however, in also encoding the value of cues before fixation and even cues that were never fixated. This pre-saccadic value encoding by ACC predicted which cue was next fixated during the decision process. ACC therefore conducts simultaneous processing of peripheral information to guide information sampling and choice during decision making.

scholarly journals Rearing animals in captivity for the study of trematode life histories. II

1940 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Rothschild
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Adult Fluke ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
In The Wild

The advantage of using laboratory-reared animals in the elucidation of trematode life histories is now generally recognized (Palombi, 1938; Stunkard, 1938, etc.). Further researches seem to emphasize this point. No matter how carefully controls are examined and no matter how precise is the morphological comparison between cercaria, metacercaria and adult fluke, the fact that the intermediate and final hosts have been exposed to previous infection in the wild—particularly by closely related species of worms—immediately detracts from the value of the experiments.

scholarly journals Rationality as a Characteristic of Decision-Making Process: Comparative Analysis of Various Paradigm Approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
Irina Shavkunova
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Rational Behavior ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Economic Choice ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Classical Economic

Classical economic theory traditionally considers the economic behavior of economic entities as rational, but modern studies convincingly prove the predominance of rather irrational motives in the process of making economic decisions. Within the framework of traditional economic analysis, which is based on the rationality postulate, it is difficult and often impossible to explain the behavior of subjects that demonstrate a clear departure from the principles of rational behavior. A detailed study of the problems of economic choice (economic decision-making), rational behavior of economic subjects, as well as the conditions and nature of deviations from the criteria of rationality is difficult within the framework of the methodology of a single social science. However, in modern scientific discourse there is no single interpretation of the category «rationality»; various social sciences consider the concept of rationality in different ways. Rationality as a scientific category is quite a multi-valued concept. All this actualizes a comparative analysis of different paradigm approaches to the definition of rationality as a characteristic of the selection process (decision-making).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document