scholarly journals Trophic indicators in fisheries: a call for re-evaluation

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20121050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hornborg ◽  
Andrea Belgrano ◽  
Valerio Bartolino ◽  
Daniel Valentinsson ◽  
Friederike Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Spatial Domain ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Catch Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mean Trophic Level

Mean trophic level (MTL) of landings and primary production required (PPR) by fisheries are increasingly used in the assessment of sustainability in fisheries. However, in their present form, MTL and PPR are prone to misinterpretation. We show that it is important to account for actual catch data, define an appropriate historical and spatial domain, and carefully consider the effects of fisheries management, based on results from a case study of Swedish fisheries during the past century.

When to Send Your Telescope Aloft

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-305
Author(s):  
David H. DeVorkin
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Specific Question ◽  
Large Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Department Chairman

How have astronomers and physicists responded to the challenge of getting “beyond the atmosphere” in the past century or so, and how did they go about making choices in how they did so? This case study examines a particularly poignant example of how an astronomer’s practice changed in the 1950s when that astronomer, Princeton theoretical astrophysicist Martin Schwarzschild, made a commitment to utilize newly improved balloon technology to answer a specific question arising from his own research agenda. Here we follow Schwarzschild’s efforts, which led initially to success, and then examine how, bolstered by his department Chairman, Lyman Spitzer, he built upon that success to generalize the new technology to try to provide a capability that might address a wider range of questions, and, aiding Spitzer’s plan, provide a stepping stone to an eventual Large Space Telescope. How he fared in making this decision reveals the challenges facing academic astronomers in the 1950s who attempted to send their telescopes aloft. It also reveals the complexities of taking on such projects, complexities that were unknown to the average mainstream astronomer.

scholarly journals The Contemporary Sustainable Neighbourhood: Cracow’s Wola Justowska district

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032086
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Butelski ◽  
Stanisław Butelski ◽  
Wojciech Firek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Cultural Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Building Form ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Abstract The environment is the little "Homeland”, which is defined by a neighborhood consisting of people and structures. The neighborhood is extended in time and space. The city of Cracow was chosen as a case study here. The contemporary environment in the Wola Justowska district is presented in the last examples of buildings designed by the author. Those contemporary structures are compared with historical houses in Cracow, which belong to the author’s family since the 19th century. The author analyses the influences of the period of the 19th century Austrian occupation, of a construction boom between the two World Wars, and of the Communist ban on design and construction in Cracow. In the paper's final remarks, the author notes that the design process and processes of shaping the environment look similar in the past century and today and that a contemporary neighborhood is shaped more by a cultural process than by design. Designing, building and endurance of a building form is a process that is shaped by culture and at the same time shapes the culture itself.

The First Church of San Marco in Venice

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Warren
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Bulk ◽  
Byzantine Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the past century there have been a number of proposed reconstructions of the First Church built in Venice to house the relics of Saint Mark, the Apostle. The proposal which follows differs from its predecessors in identifying the survival of the very large bulk of the original church. It holds that the ancient structure stands encapsulated within the surviving fabric (fig. 1) and thereby rediscovers, largely extant, the greatest Byzantine church of the Middle Ages, completed some time between 832 and 836 for Doge Giovanni Participacio (fig. 2). That church was generally held to have been destroyed by fire in 976, but rebuilt on similar lines by 978 only to have been taken down and rebuilt in its present form between 1063 and 1071 under Doge Domenico Contarini, the work continuing under Doge Vitale Falier. In the following account the Participaci church is described as the First and the Contarini-Falier church the Second. The intermediate reconstruction (976–8) is herein taken to have been a repair rather than a rebuilding. Finding that this first building still exists hidden within the second this paper suggests social reasons for its supposed loss.

Towards coherent GES assessments at sub-regional level: signs of fisheries expansion processes in the Bay of Biscay using an OSPAR food web indicator, the mean trophic level

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina-Larissa Arroyo ◽  
Georges Safi ◽  
Pauline Vouriot ◽  
Lucía López-López ◽  
Nathalie Niquil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trophic Level ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Bay Of Biscay ◽  
Ecosystem Studies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Trophic Level ◽  
Over Exploitation

Abstract Using the Bay of Biscay (BoB) as a case study, we conducted a transnational assessment of the mean trophic level (MTL, Ospar FW4) indicator at sub-regional level, over the last three decades. Our results confirm the apparent recovery of BoB’s bentho-demersal system, as shown by trends in the MTL indicator based on survey data. However, they also point at a concomitant “fishing through” process where the apparent stability revealed by the MTL indicator based on landed catch data may be masking the expansion of demersal fisheries to deeper waters, and an over-exploitation of resources (particularly abundant pelagic species). Moreover, they show how the combined examination of independent surveys and fishery landings allows the identification of ecological trends in ecosystem studies. In addition, our results confirm that analysing MTL at various threshold levels helps discerning the causality of trends in this indicator, especially if analyses for pelagic and demersal species are run independently. Further studies, at smaller (i.e. local) spatial scales, need to be conducted to ascertain our results and suggest appropriate management strategies aimed at regulating fisheries expansions in the area.

scholarly journals Transmission of fertility pattern in mother-daughter relation – Bayesian view (a case study of Austria)

2013 ◽  
pp. 3-35
Author(s):  
Beata Osiewalska
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
Nonlinear Functions ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fertility Analysis ◽  
Fertility Pattern

The connection between fertility of parents and their children has been investigated many times over the past century. It seems to be insignificant among pre-transitional populations, but becomes more important over time, especially in developed countries. Following Pearson’s example, it was widely adopted to use simple correlation analyses in such studies. In this study we will present how to use more advanced statistical models and methods to determine the occurrence and strength of examined relationships. Thus, we aim to investigate the intergenerational transmission of fertility in contemporary populations (in the case of the motherdaughter relation in Austria) using the zero-inflated Poisson regression model. Using this model in fertility analysis allows us to treat childlessness as a qualitatively different state with possibly different determinants than parenthood (regardless of the number of children). Bayesian inference in this study enables us to obtain covariates’ distributions as well as distributions of covariates’ nonlinear functions (including their uncertainty) and allows us to incorporate our prior knowledge.

System-level optimal yield: increased value, less risk, improved stability, and better fisheries

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason S. Link
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
System Level ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Fisheries Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
Improved Stability ◽  
Portfolio Approach ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management

The discipline and practice of fisheries science and management have had an useful, successful, and interesting history. The discipline has developed over the past century and a half into a very reductionist, highly quantitative, socially impactful endeavor. Yet given our collective successes in this field, some notable challenges remain. To address these challenges, many have proposed ecosystem-based fisheries management that takes a more systematic approach to the management of these living marine resources. Here I describe systems theory and associated constructs underlying system dynamics, elucidate how aggregate properties of systems can and have been used, contextualize these aggregate features relative to optimal yield, and note how this approach can produce useful estimates and outcomes for fisheries management. I explore two contrasting examples where this approach has and has not been considered, highlighting the benefits of applying such an approach. I conclude by discussing ways in which we might move forward with a portfolio approach for both the discipline and practice of fisheries science and management.

Gender and the Construction of Models of Christian Activity: A Case Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Studies ◽  
Church History ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Generation ◽  
American Society

In my review of previous presidential addresses, I found it interesting to discover that only one had built upon one of the most significant cultural and scholarly developments of the past generation and perhaps the past century, that is, women's and, later, gender studies and their relevance for our respective fields. That was Jane Dempsey Douglass's address twenty years ago as the first woman president of this Society on “what Calvin learned at the school of women,” an event that will surely be recognized in the program session tomorrow on “Women in the American Society of Church History.”

The zoonotic potential of bat-borne coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-381
Author(s):  
Ny Anjara Fifi Ravelomanantsoa ◽  
Sarah Guth ◽  
Angelo Andrianiaina ◽  
Santino Andry ◽  
Anecia Gentles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Horseshoe Bat ◽  
Human Infections

Seven zoonoses — human infections of animal origin — have emerged from the Coronaviridae family in the past century, including three viruses responsible for significant human mortality (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in the past twenty years alone. These three viruses, in addition to two older CoV zoonoses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) are believed to be originally derived from wild bat reservoir species. We review the molecular biology of the bat-derived Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera, highlighting features that contribute to their potential for cross-species emergence, including the use of well-conserved mammalian host cell machinery for cell entry and a unique capacity for adaptation to novel host environments after host switching. The adaptive capacity of coronaviruses largely results from their large genomes, which reduce the risk of deleterious mutational errors and facilitate range-expanding recombination events by offering heightened redundancy in essential genetic material. Large CoV genomes are made possible by the unique proofreading capacity encoded for their RNA-dependent polymerase. We find that bat-borne SARS-related coronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus, the source clade for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, present a particularly poignant pandemic threat, due to the extraordinary viral genetic diversity represented among several sympatric species of their horseshoe bat hosts. To date, Sarbecovirus surveillance has been almost entirely restricted to China. More vigorous field research efforts tracking the circulation of Sarbecoviruses specifically and Betacoronaviruses more generally is needed across a broader global range if we are to avoid future repeats of the COVID-19 pandemic.

PCSK9 inhibition for LDL lowering and beyond – implications for patients with peripheral artery disease

VASA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Gebauer ◽  
Holger Reinecke
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibitors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibition

Abstract. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been proven to be a causal factor of atherosclerosis and, along with other triggers like inflammation, the most frequent reason for peripheral arterial disease. Moreover, a linear correlation between LDL-C concentration and cardiovascular outcome in high-risk patients could be established during the past century. After the development of statins, numerous randomized trials have shown the superiority for LDL-C reduction and hence the decrease in cardiovascular outcomes including mortality. Over the past decades it became evident that more intense LDL-C lowering, by either the use of highly potent statin supplements or by additional cholesterol absorption inhibitor application, accounted for an even more profound cardiovascular risk reduction. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a serin protease with effect on the LDL receptor cycle leading to its degradation and therefore preventing continuing LDL-C clearance from the blood, is the target of a newly developed monoclonal antibody facilitating astounding LDL-C reduction far below to what has been set as target level by recent ESC/EAS guidelines in management of dyslipidaemias. Large randomized outcome trials including subjects with PAD so far have been able to prove significant and even more intense cardiovascular risk reduction via further LDL-C debasement on top of high-intensity statin medication. Another approach for LDL-C reduction is a silencing interfering RNA muting the translation of PCSK9 intracellularly. Moreover, PCSK9 concentrations are elevated in cells involved in plaque composition, so the potency of intracellular PCSK9 inhibition and therefore prevention or reversal of plaques may provide this mechanism of action on PCSK9 with additional beneficial effects on cells involved in plaque formation. Thus, simultaneous application of statins and PCSK9 inhibitors promise to reduce cardiovascular event burden by both LDL-C reduction and pleiotropic effects of both agents.

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