scholarly journals Dynamic visual cues induce jaw opening and closing by tiger beetles during pursuit of prey

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 20140760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Zurek ◽  
Madeleine Q. Perkins ◽  
Cole Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Motion Blur ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Target Image ◽  
Binocular Field ◽  
Fast Running ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
Opening And Closing

In dynamic locomotory contexts, visual cues often trigger adaptive behaviour by the viewer, yet studies investigating how animals determine impending collisions typically employ either stationary viewers or objects. Here, we describe a dynamic situation of visually guided prey pursuit in which both impending prey contact and escape elicit observable adaptive behaviours in the pursuer, a predatory beetle. We investigated which visual cues may independently control opening and closing of the beetle's jaws during chases of prey dummies. Jaw opening and closing typically occur when prey is within the 60° binocular field, but not at specific distances, angular sizes or time-to-collision. We show that a sign change in the expansion rate of the target image precedes jaw opening (16 ms) and closing (35 ms), signalling to the beetle that it is gaining on the target or that the target is getting away. We discuss the ‘sloppiness' of such variation in the lag of the behavioural response, especially jaw closing, as an adaptation to uncertainty about target position due to degradation of the target image by motion blur from the fast-running beetle.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Coupled Model to Predict the Impact of Adaptive Behaviour in the Thermal Sensation of Occupants of Naturally Ventilated Buildings in Warm-Humid Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Luciano C. de Faria ◽  
Marcelo A. Romero ◽  
Lúcia F. S. Pirró
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Clothing Insulation ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Naturally Ventilated Buildings ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
The Impact

Improving indoor environment quality and making urban centres in tropical regions more sustainable has become a challenge for which computational models for the prediction of thermal sensation for naturally ventilated buildings (NVBs) have major role to play. This work performed analysis on thermal sensation for non-residential NVBs located in Brazilian tropical warm-humid climate and tested the effectiveness of suggested adaptive behaviours to mitigate warm thermal sensation. The research method utilized transient computational fluid dynamics models coupled with a dynamic model for human thermophysiology to predict thermal sensation. The calculated results were validated with comparison with benchmark values from questionnaires and from field measurements. The calculated results for dynamic thermal sensation (DTS) seven-point scale showed higher agreement with the thermal sensation vote than with the predicted mean vote. The test for the suggested adaptive behaviours considered reducing clothing insulation values from 0.18 to 0.32 clo (reducing DTS from 0.1 to 0.9), increasing the air speed in 0.9 m/s (reducing DTS from 0.1 to 0.9), and applying both suggestions together (reducing DTS from 0.1 to 1.3) for five scenarios with operative temperatures spanning 34.5–24.0 °C. Results quantified the tested adaptive behaviours’ efficiency showing applicability to improve thermal sensation from slightly-warm to neutral.

scholarly journals Interrelations between pain, stress and executive functioning

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-194
Author(s):  
Liviu Feller ◽  
Gal Feller ◽  
Theona Ballyram ◽  
Rakesh Chandran ◽  
Johan Lemmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Psychosocial Stressors ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours

Aim: The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the interrelations between pain, stress and executive functions. Implications for practice: Self-regulation, through executive functioning, exerts control over cognition, emotion and behaviour. The reciprocal neural functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system allows for the integration of cognitive and emotional neural pathways and then for higher-order psychological processes (reasoning, judgement etc.) to generate goal-directed adaptive behaviours and to regulate responses to psychosocial stressors and pain signals. Impairment in cognitive executive functioning may result in poor regulation of stress-, pain- and emotion-related processing of information. Conversely, adverse emotion, pain and stress impair executive functioning. The characteristic of the feedback and feedforward neural connections (quantity and quality) between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system determine adaptive behaviour, stress response and pain experience.

Integumental water movement and rate of water ingestion during rain harvesting in the Texas horned lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade Sherbrooke
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Flow ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Water Delivery ◽  
Phrynosoma Cornutum ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Texas Horned Lizard ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Opening And Closing

AbstractCapture of rainfall on skin surfaces and its transport via capillary channels between scales to the mouth for drinking has been documented in a few agamid (Moloch and Phrynocephalus) and iguanid (Phrynosoma spp.) lizards. Associated behaviors include a postural stance and jaw motions. This experimental study documents that rate of jaw opening and closing cycles is positively correlated with rate of water delivery to lizards' backs and to gain in mass of lizards attributable to drinking. The mean mass of water that can be held by the interscalar, capillary-flow system is correlated with body size, smaller lizards holding a larger percentage of their body mass in the rain-harvesting system. Ingestion mechanisms for water flow from the integumental channels to the mouth surfaces for drinking are discussed, with note being made of the possible roles of a fold of skin at the jaw angle (at the postlabial scales) and tongue actions. Recent hatchlings exhibit rain-harvesting behavior, suggesting its innate nature.

Adaptive behaviour and motor skills in children with upper limb deficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Mano ◽  
Sayaka Fujiwara ◽  
Nobuhiko Haga
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
Limb Deficiencies

Background: The dysfunction of individuals with upper limb deficiencies affects their daily lives and social participation. Objectives: To clarify the adaptive behaviours and motor skills of children with upper limb deficiencies. Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: The subjects were 10 children ranging from 1 to 6 years of age with unilateral upper limb deficiencies at the level distal to the elbow who were using only cosmetic or passive prostheses or none at all. To measure their adaptive behaviour and motor skills, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition was used. They were evaluated on the domains of communication, daily living skills, socialization and motor skills. We also examined the relationship of the scores with age. Results: There were no statistically significant scores for domains or subdomains. The domain standard score of motor skills was significantly lower than the median scores of the domains and was negatively correlated with age. Conclusion: Children with upper limb deficiencies have individual weaknesses in motor skill behaviours, and these weaknesses increase with age. It may be helpful in considering approaches to rehabilitation and the prescription of prostheses to consider the characteristics and course of children’s motor skill behaviours. Clinical relevance Even if children with unilateral upper limb deficiencies seem to compensate well for their affected limb function, they have or will experience individual weaknesses in motor skills. We should take this into consideration to develop better strategies for rehabilitation and prostheses prescriptions.

scholarly journals Place memory in crickets

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1637) ◽  
pp. 915-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Wessnitzer ◽  
Michael Mangan ◽  
Barbara Webb
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Natural Scene ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Place Memory

Certain insect species are known to relocate nest or food sites using landmarks, but the generality of this capability among insects, and whether insect place memory can be used in novel task settings, is not known. We tested the ability of crickets to use surrounding visual cues to relocate an invisible target in an analogue of the Morris water maze, a standard paradigm for spatial memory tests on rodents. Adult female Gryllus bimaculatus were released into an arena with a floor heated to an aversive temperature, with one hidden cool spot. Over 10 trials, the time taken to find the cool spot decreased significantly. The best performance was obtained when a natural scene was provided on the arena walls. Animals can relocate the position from novel starting points. When the scene is rotated, they preferentially approach the fictive target position corresponding to the rotation. We note that this navigational capability does not necessarily imply the animal has an internal spatial representation.

scholarly journals Actividad física y niveles de burnout en alumnos de la E.S.O (Physical activity and levels of burnout in secondary students)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Portolés Ariño ◽  
Juan González Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Academic Difficulties ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
The Individual

El presente trabajo pretende acotar las relaciones existentes entre la práctica de actividad física y la existencia de conductas desadaptativas en el entorno escolar durante la adolescencia. Las peculiaridades propias de este periodo unido a la aparición de nuevos hábitos vida, más cercanos al grupo de iguales, suponen la creación de nuevos patrones conductuales para el adolescente. Fuera del horario escolar, los reducidos niveles de práctica de actividad física, pueden generar consecuencias de tipo físico y psicosocial, y del mismo modo en el entorno escolar, y aunque la gran mayoría de los adolescentes supere de forma adaptativa las dificultades escolares, pueden aparecer fenómenos de fracaso escolar, absentismo y síntomas relacionados con conductas desadaptativas, como el burnout en el contexto escolar. Los resultados en una muestra de 680 sujetos con una edad media de 14.55 años, que cumplimentaron el Cuestionario MBI-SS y el Health Behaviour in School-aged Children, señalan  que el cumplimiento  de las recomendaciones de práctica de actividad física 30 minutos diarios se relaciona positivamente con las dimensiones del burnout. Por ello, se sugiere incentivar estrategias que aumenten la correcta práctica de actividad física así como sistemas de control de procesos desadaptativos a nivel psicológico. Abstract. The current study attempts to delimit the connection that exists between athletic practice and non-adaptive behaviours in a in a school environment environment during adolescence. The particularities of this age together with a new lifestyle, closer to a teen peer group, entail the creation of new behaviour models for the individual teenager. Outside of the academic schedule, a  low level of physical activity can generate physical and psychosocial consequences, even also in the  school environment. If the majority of students can overcome the academic difficulties, it is also possible to observe some cases of   school difficulties, absenteeism, and non-adaptive behaviour symptoms, such as burnout. The results of a sample of 680 individuals, with an average age of 14.55 years old who completed the MBI-SS questionnaire and the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children,  indicate that the recommended compliance  with 30 daily minutes of  physical activity is closely related to burnout tendencies.  Based on this data, we propose motivational strategies to implement the correct  physical activity practices, such as systems to control non-adaptive processes at psychological levels. 

Developmental change in children’s speech processing of auditory and visual cues: An eyetracking study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Tania S. ZAMUNER ◽  
Theresa RABIDEAU ◽  
Margarethe MCDONALD ◽  
H. Henny YEUNG
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Speech Processing ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Visual Speech ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Target Image ◽  
Children's Speech

Abstract This study investigates how children aged two to eight years (N = 129) and adults (N = 29) use auditory and visual speech for word recognition. The goal was to bridge the gap between apparent successes of visual speech processing in young children in visual-looking tasks, with apparent difficulties of speech processing in older children from explicit behavioural measures. Participants were presented with familiar words in audio-visual (AV), audio-only (A-only) or visual-only (V-only) speech modalities, then presented with target and distractor images, and looking to targets was measured. Adults showed high accuracy, with slightly less target-image looking in the V-only modality. Developmentally, looking was above chance for both AV and A-only modalities, but not in the V-only modality until 6 years of age (earlier on /k/-initial words). Flexible use of visual cues for lexical access develops throughout childhood.

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