scholarly journals Accelerating the carbon cycle: the ethics of enhanced weathering

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 20160859 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lawford-Smith ◽  
A. Currie
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Dirty Hands ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Immoral Action ◽  
Critical Challenge

Enhanced weathering, in comparison to other geoengineering measures, creates the possibility of a reduced cost, reduced impact way of decreasing atmospheric carbon, with positive knock-on effects such as decreased oceanic acidity. We argue that ethical concerns have a place alongside empirical, political and social factors as we consider how to best respond to the critical challenge that anthropogenic climate change poses. We review these concerns, considering the ethical issues that arise (or would arise) in the large-scale deployment of enhanced weathering. We discuss post-implementation scenarios, failures of collective action, the distribution of risk and externalities and redress for damage. We also discuss issues surrounding ‘dirty hands’ (taking conventionally immoral action to avoid having to take action that is even worse), whether enhanced weathering research might present a moral hazard, the importance of international governance and the notion that the implementation of large-scale enhanced weathering would reveal problematic hubris. Ethics and scientific research interrelate in complex ways: some ethical considerations caution against research and implementation, while others encourage them. Indeed, the ethical perspective encourages us to think more carefully about how, and what types of, geoengineering should be researched and implemented.

Ethical Considerations for Nurses in Clinical Trials

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Oberle ◽  
Marion Allen
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Moral Obligation ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Principal Investigators ◽  
Research Nurses ◽  
Trial Failure

Ethical issues arise for nurses involved in all phases of clinical trials regardless of whether they are caregivers, research nurses, trial co-ordinators or principal investigators. Potential problem areas centre on nurses’ moral obligation related to methodological issues as well as the notions of beneficence/non-maleficence and autonomy. These ethical concerns can be highly upsetting to nurses if they are not addressed, so it is imperative that they are discussed fully prior to the initiation of a trial. Failure to resolve these issues can place both the conduct and the results of research in jeopardy.

scholarly journals Administration of pro re nata medications by the nurse to incapacitated patients: An ethical perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 147775092110341
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Vaismoradi ◽  
Cathrine Fredriksen Moe ◽  
M Flores Vizcaya-Moreno ◽  
Piret Paal
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Medication Administration ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Medicines Management ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
Unethical Practices ◽  
Incapacitated Patients ◽  
Pro Re Nata ◽  
And Training ◽  
Legal And Ethical Issues

The administration of pro re nata medications is the responsibility of the nurse. However, ethical uncertainties often happen due to the inability of incapacitated patients to collaborate with the nurse in the process of decision making for pro re nata medication administration. There is a lack of integrative knowledge and insufficient understanding regarding ethical considerations surrounding the administration of pro re nata medications to incapacitated patients. Therefore, they have been discussed in this paper and practical strategies to avoid unethical practices have been suggested. The complicated caring situation surrounding the administration of pro re nata medications is intertwined with ethical issues affecting the consideration of the patient's wishes and interventions that override them. The patient's right of autonomy and treatment refusal, surrogacy role, paternalism, and coercion are the main ethos of ethical pro re nata medication administration. Education and training can help nurses avoid legal and ethical issues in pro re nata medicines management and improve the quality and safety of healthcare. Empirical research is needed to improve our understanding of this phenomenon in the multidisciplinary environment of medicines management.

Ethical Considerations in Using Social Media to Engage Research Participants: Perspectives of Australian Researchers and Ethics Committee Members

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 12-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Hokke ◽  
Naomi J. Hackworth ◽  
Shannon K. Bennetts ◽  
Jan M. Nicholson ◽  
Patrick Keyzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Human Research Ethics ◽  
Additional Support

Researchers increasingly use social media (SM) to recruit, retain, and trace participants, yet empirical literature investigating the ethics of engaging participants via SM is lacking. We conducted a survey of 401 Australian researchers and human research ethics committee (HREC) members to examine their experience, attitudes, and ethical concerns toward engaging participants via SM. Data revealed that researchers and HREC members share similar concerns and attitudes about using SM in general and in research. We identified a strong demand for additional support, training, and guidance on SM research ethics. This need reflects researchers’ and HREC members’ limited confidence and knowledge of ethical issues in this context and a lack of awareness of available SM-specific ethical guidelines.

scholarly journals Anthropology and Participatory Research: Ethical Considerations in International Development

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Finnis
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Participatory Development ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Power Differentials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rural Nepal

Anthropologists working in the field of development may encounter a number of difficult ethical issues, although there is comparatively little literature that directly addresses such dilemmas. Potential concerns include questions of access to development and participation in projects and plans; questions about how research is used; issues of power differentials in the field; and the problem of ownership of knowledge. Participatory development research rhetoric and practice has in part arisen out of recognition of these ethical concerns. Through an examination of the history of international development research, and the bases upon which participation lies, it is argued that the concept of participation is not without its own ethical dilemmas and assumptions. A discussion of the history and interpretation of development and participation in parts of rural Nepal is used to illustrate this argument.

scholarly journals Conducting research on nonsuicidal self-injury in schools: Ethical considerations and recommendations

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-234
Author(s):  
Penelope A. Hasking ◽  
Stephen P. Lewis ◽  
Kealagh Robinson ◽  
Nancy L. Heath ◽  
Marc S. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Productive Research ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Research on nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has grown significantly over the last 15 years, with much of this work focused on factors that initiate and maintain NSSI among school-aged youth. Although this work is important, it does raise several ethical concerns. In this article we outline key ethical issues underlying NSSI research in schools and offer recommendations for conducting ethically sound and productive research in this area. Ethical concerns addressed include: 1) recruitment of minors to research; 2) disclosure and confidentiality; 3) the risk of iatrogenic effects; 4) duty of care; 5) engaging schools in research; and 6) safety of the researchers. In each area, we offer recommendations to assist researchers, ethics committees, and schools in working together to conduct ethical NSSI research, further our understanding of NSSI, and address and respond to these behaviors in schools.

scholarly journals One printed heart, please – 3D Bioprinting in Medicine: Applications and Ethical Issues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahidatul Saadah Sufyan ◽  
Nuruliza Roslan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Application Specific ◽  
Academic Search

Background: Organ bioprinting is only two decades old but has made tremendous progress in advancements of synthetic implants, reconstructive surgeries, prosthetic developments, and medical education. These are made possible due to the increasing affordability of bioprinters and their capability for tailor-made applications. However, the ethical considerations of bioprinting research and applications are still in its infancy. This article summarises the current literature on 3D bioprinting applications in medicine and its ethical concerns. Methods: EBSCOhost service search using related terms was applied on four databases (PubMed, EBSCOhost eBooks, Medline, and Academic Search Complete). Inclusion criteria consisted of any publication or academic article in electronic media discussing the use of 3D bioprinting in medicine and its ethical concerns. Results: A total of 41 articles were identified from the aforementioned databases discussing the applications of 3D bioprinting in medicine, screening of which left only 35 articles that met the inclusion criteria. 24 articles discussed the applications of 3D bioprinting, nine articles discussed the ethical concerns related, and two articles discussed both bioprinting and its ethical implications. Conclusions: 3D bioprinting offer limitless opportunities in the field of medical education but face limitations in real clinical application. Specific guidelines on ethical use of 3D bioprinting are urgently for its appropriate regulation.

Ethical aspects in eHealth – design of a privacy-friendly system

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Milutinovic ◽  
Bart De Decker
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Privacy Requirements ◽  
Ethical Concerns

Purpose – The medical advances and historical fluctuations in the demographics are contributing to the rise of the average age. These changes are increasing the pressure to organize adequate care to a growing number of individuals. As a way to provide efficient and cost-effective care, eHealth systems are gaining importance. However, this trend is creating new ethical concerns. Major issues are privacy and patients’ control over their data. To deploy these systems on a large scale, they need to offer strict privacy protection. Even though many research proposals focus on eHealth systems and related ethical requirements, there is an evident lack of practical solutions for protecting users’ personal information. The purpose of this study is to explore the ethical considerations related to these systems and extract the privacy requirements. This paper also aims to put forth a system design which ensures appropriate privacy protection. Design/methodology/approach – This paper investigates the existing work in the area of eHealth systems and the related ethical considerations, which establish privacy as one of the main requirements. It lists the ethical requirements and data protection standards that a system needs to fulfil and uses them as a guideline for creating the proposed design. Findings – Even though privacy is considered to be a paramount aspect of the eHealth systems, the existing proposals do not tackle this issue from the outset of the design. Consequently, introducing privacy at the final stages of the system deployment imposes significant limitations and the provided data protection is not always to the standards expected by the users. Originality/value – This paper motivates the need for addressing ethical concerns in the eHealth domain with special focus on establishing strict privacy protection. It lists the privacy requirements and offers practical solutions for developing a privacy-friendly system and takes the approach of privacy-by-design. Additionally, the proposed design is evaluated against ethical principles as proposed in the existing literature. The aim is to show that technological advances can be used to improve quality and efficiency of care, while the usually raised concerns can be avoided.

Ethical Issues in Disasters

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah Lateef
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ground Zero ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Good For ◽  
Complex Disasters ◽  
Preventive Ethics

AbstractA disaster is a situation that overwhelms the local population’s capacity to respond, thus necessitating a request for assistance from outside the impacted area. In these circumstances, needs usually outweigh resources. The objective of response is to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people (the utilitarian principle). As such, some unique ethical considerations will arise that are not seen in day-to-day practice.The adoption of medical ethics principles is important in such situations, but certain provisions must be accepted. In large-scale, complex disasters, it may be impossible to provide optimal care to each patient. This paper will discuss some of the challenges for healthcare personnel at “ground zero”, how training in preventive ethics may help, and what principles can be applied when working in disaster-affected areas or when responding to disasters.

Utilising Indigenous Knowledge or Crime against Humanity?: A Critical Engagement with the Debate Generated by Alick Macheso’s Use of Manhood to Treat Nhova (Sunken Fontanelle)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Tembo ◽  
Allan Maganga ◽  
Peterson Dewah
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
African Ethics ◽  
Cultural Grounding ◽  
The Face ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Points Of View

 This article presents various points of view regarding the treatment of sunken fontanelle by various communities as ignited by the controversial practice of kutara(a practice that involves the father of a child sliding his penis from the lower part of the left and right cheeks to the top of the head, as well as from the lower part of the face to the top of the head, and from the lower back part of the head to the top). The story of Alick Macheso’s use of his manhood to treat nhova (sunken fontanelle) opened a Pandora’s box. The story not only attracted the attention of critics from diverse cultural and ethical backgrounds, but revealed multi-ethnic positions. That is, reactions were steeped in a multiplicity of intellectual, religious and even cultural grounding. Reactions ranged from accusations of backwardness and absurdity, through to medical and Christian orientations toward the treatment of nhova. The overarching idea is that there is a general tendency to dismiss the age-old practice of kutara,coupled with an uncritical celebration of certain positions. The debate that ensued following publication of the story seemed to revolve around ethical considerations. The school of thought that dismisses kutara with disdain regards it as unethical and unimaginable in the present-day world—it is redolent with insinuations of absurdity on the part of those that live and celebrate it. We contend that the raging debate that followed the publication of the story can best be conceptualised within the context of African ethics. We note that kutara has relevance to the spirituality, ethical values, privacy, and protection of children’s rights, among other ethical issues. It is hoped that the article will stir further debate and encourage more research among information practitioners, scholars and researchers into the ethical issues surrounding the treatment of sunken fontanelle in various African communities. It argues for an Afrocentric conceptualisation of phenomena in order to contribute to debates on the renaissance of African cultures, and stresses that it is imperative to harness the life-furthering age-old traditions in African ontological existence.

Recruitment Policies of Non-EU/EEA Nurses and Ethical Issues

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angèle Flora Mendy
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Ethical Argument ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Institutional Legacies

By examining policies of recruiting non-EU/EEA health workers and how ethical considerations are taken into account when employing non-EU/EEA nurses in the United Kingdom, France, and Switzerland, this chapter intends to show that the use of the so-called ‘ethical’ argument to convince national public opinion of the relevance of restrictive recruitment policies is recent (since the 1990s). The analysis highlights the fact that in addition to the institutional legacies, qualification and skills—through the process of their recognition—play an important role in the opening or restriction of the labour market to health professionals from the Global South. The legacy of the past also largely determines the place offered to non-EU/EEA health professionals in the different health systems of host countries.

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