Pieter Zeeman 1865-1943

1944 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 591-595 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Zeeman Effect ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
The World ◽  
Magnetic Splitting ◽  
Great Discovery ◽  
The University

Pieter Zeeman was born in Zeeland at the mouth of the Scheldt. He was the son of a Lutheran pastor and was educated at the University of Leyden. In 1890, when twenty-five years of age, he was appointed assistant on the physics staff. Among his duties at this time was to prepare lecture experiments for the elementary lectures, which, oddly enough, were given by H. A. Lorentz, the Professor of Theoretical Physics. It appears that these lectures would normally have been given by Kamerlingh Onnes, who was Professor of Experimental Physics and Director of the Laboratory. Onnes threw himself entirely into the organization of his cryogenic researches, which were no doubt very important and very successful, culminating, as they did, in the liquefaction of helium. He contrived to leave much of the work of routine teaching to Lorentz. Zeeman assisted Lorentz; he was set to prepare spectacular experimental demonstrations, such as the piercing of a thick block of glass by a powerful discharge. This, as he told me, did not commend itself to him as an adequate object for the considerable labour involved in drilling holes in the glass for the lead-in wires. This little anecdote struck me as curious, for it did not seem quite in character with what I knew of Lorentz otherwise. Zeeman was privat-docent in the University of Leyden when he made his great discovery, which the world calls the Zeeman Effect, but which he himself modestly referred to as ‘the magnetic splitting of the spectrum lines’. It was made public on 31 October 1896 by communication to the Academy of Science at Amsterdam. The idea that a source of light might be in some way affected by magnetic force was not altogether new. Such an effect was looked for by Faraday in 1862, at the very end of his career as an experimentalist, but the result was negative.

Wolfgang Ernst Pauli, 1900-1958

1960 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 174-192 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Wolfgang Pauli ◽  
University Of Vienna ◽  
Jules Verne ◽  
University Of Munich ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World ◽  
High Standards ◽  
The University

Wolfgang Pauli was born on 25 April 1900 in Vienna. His father, Wolfgang Joseph Pauli, was distinguished as a biochemist and was a Professor in the University of Vienna; previously he had practised as a doctor, and his patients included many prominent figures in Vienna society. The mother, Bertha, née Schütz, was a writer and had many contacts in the world of the theatre and the press. It is probable that this background and the acquaintance with the leading authorities in many fields had a profound effect in creating the high standards and the impatience with anything but the best of its kind, which became later an important characteristic of the young Pauli. The young Wolfgang showed early signs of exceptional ability. He was outstanding at school in scientific subjects and particularly in mathematics, and first-rate in all other subjects, except in languages in which his performance was good but not exceptional. He was probably a ‘bookish’ child and was not interested in games, though he was, and remained throughout his life, fond of walking, particularly in the mountains, and of swimming. As a small child he disliked fairy tales, which seemed to worry him. As a growing boy he was fascinated by books like those of Jules Verne, and he later developed a special interest in astronomy. His younger sister, Hertha (now Mrs Ashton), had to serve as an audience for his current discoveries in astronomy, and he was most impatient when the audience did not respond adequately to the instruction. In 1918 he became a student in the University of Munich under A. Sommerfeld, and he obtained his Ph.D. there after three years, the shortest period allowed by the University regulations, and exceptionally short for a subject like theoretical physics.

scholarly journals J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1904-1967

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 390-416 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Ethical Culture ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
University Of Colorado ◽  
Ethical Culture School ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

J. Robert Oppenheimer died on 18 February 1967 in Princeton, N.J. More than any other man, he was responsible for raising American theoretical physics from a provincial adjunct of Europe to world leadership. Robert Oppenheimer was born on 22 April 1904 in New York. His father, who had come to the United States from Germany at the age of 17, was a prosperous textile importer. By inheritance, Robert was well-to-do all his life. The father was quite active in many community affairs, and much interested in art and music. He had a good collection of paintings, including three Van Goghs. Oppenheimer’s mother, Ella Freedman, came from Baltimore. She was a painter who had studied in Paris, and was a very sensitive person. Robert had one younger brother, Frank, who also became a physicist; he is Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. Oppenheimer had close ties both with his parents and his brother. As a boy, Robert was already most interested in matters of the mind. He attended the Ethical Culture School in New York, one of the best in the city. He was more interested in his homework, in poetry and in science than in mixing with other boys. He has said, ‘It is characteristic that I do not remember any of my classmates.’

scholarly journals Physics at the University of Lviv since the 17th century until the second world war: Addenda to the bibliography

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 47-73
Author(s):  
Andrij Rovenchak ◽  
Olena Kiktyeva ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
World War ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete Bibliography ◽  
The University ◽  
Second World

Previously, an attempt was made to compile in a series of papers a complete bibliography of works related to physics at the University of Lviv. The period since the foundation of the University in 1661 until the division of the Chair of Physics in 1872 was discussed by Rovenchak (2014). Special attention was paid to the development of theoretical physics, starting from the first professor, Oskar Fabian (Rovenchak 2009), followed by the famous physicist Marian Smoluchowski (Rovenchak 2012), and finally the Interbellum (Rovenchak 2013). The history of astronomy at the University of Lviv, albeit without a special bibliographic section, is presented by Novosyadlyj (2011) and Apunevych et al. (2011). The development of the experimental physics since 1872 still awaits a detailed study. The present paper will provide some additions to this bibliography: firstly with the descriptions of several missing early works from the 17th and 18th century and then, with a presentation of the activity of Wojciech Urbański. It is followed by a couple of works by Oskar Fabian and Marian Smoluchowski. Finally, minor complements to the bibliographic lists from the 1930s will be made, including popular newspaper articles. We strive to present the bibliographic description as completely as possible, in particular by avoiding abbreviations in names and titles, so that readers can extract any information of their interest. All items were examined de visu except for those marked with an asterisk (*) after the number. Przedstawione materiały, dotyczące fizyki na Uniwersytecie Lwowskim na przestrzeni wieków od XVII do XX, będą przydatne dla dalszych badań historii fizyki i bibliografii nauk przyrodniczych w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej.

Cambridge and the Cavendish

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger H. Stuewer
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Trinity College ◽  
Cavendish Laboratory ◽  
Research School ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Students ◽  
Peter Kapitza ◽  
The University

J.J. Thomson was elected Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Cambridge in 1884, and after new degree regulations were instituted in 1895, he led the Cavendish Laboratory to become the leading research school in experimental physics in the world. He relinquished the Cavendish Professorship in 1919 to become Master of Trinity College and was succeeded by his first research student, Ernest Rutherford, who led the Cavendish to become the leading research school in nuclear physics in the world. Rutherford attracted outstanding research students, among them Englishman John Cockcroft and Russian Peter Kapitza, both of whom were perceptive observers of Rutherford’s personality, style, and methods.

scholarly journals Profesor Marian Smoluchowski (1872–1917) – zapomniany rektor Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-110
Author(s):  
Grzegorz P. Słowik
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
Natural Laws ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
University Of Vienna ◽  
Inaugural Lecture ◽  
The World ◽  
The University

Professor Marian Smoluchowski (1872–1917): The Forgotten Rector of the Jagiellonian University The article presents the figure of the great Polish physicist Professor Marian Smoluchowski who lived at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It presents his most important achievements as a scientist, a physicist of the Nobel Prize dimension, and in other fields:: didactic, organizational, as well as personal (related to his greatest passion – mountaineering). The study specifies the three most important periods of Smoluchowski’s life and scientific activity: the Vienna, Lviv and Krakow periods, and describes his cooperation with other scholars, mostly of the world-wide renown, such as Albert Einstein. The Viennese period included childhood, education at the Collegium Theresianum, physical studies at the University of Vienna, PhD and habilitation. In Lviv, Smoluchowski spent fourteen years employed at Jan Kazimierz University. There, he developed, among others, the theory of Brownian motion. He spent the last four years of his life in Krakow as a professor at the Jagiellonian University, where he mainly dealt with experimental physics. In 1917 he was elected rector of the University, but in the same year, at the age of 45, he died prematurely of dysentery before taking over this office. He managed to prepare the inaugural lecture “On the uniformity of natural laws.”

The Center for International Biomedical Communications Research

1966 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
A. Kent ◽  
P. J. Vinken
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
English Language ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
University Of Pittsburgh ◽  
The World ◽  
The University ◽  
Excerpta Medica Foundation

A joint center has been established by the University of Pittsburgh and the Excerpta Medica Foundation. The basic objective of the Center is to seek ways in which the health sciences community may achieve increasingly convenient and economical access to scientific findings. The research center will make use of facilities and resources of both participating institutions. Cooperating from the University of Pittsburgh will be the School of Medicine, the Computation and Data Processing Center, and the Knowledge Availability Systems (KAS) Center. The KAS Center is an interdisciplinary organization engaging in research, operations, and teaching in the information sciences.Excerpta Medica Foundation, which is the largest international medical abstracting service in the world, with offices in Amsterdam, New York, London, Milan, Tokyo and Buenos Aires, will draw on its permanent medical staff of 54 specialists in charge of the 35 abstracting journals and other reference works prepared and published by the Foundation, the 700 eminent clinicians and researchers represented on its International Editorial Boards, and the 6,000 physicians who participate in its abstracting programs throughout the world. Excerpta Medica will also make available to the Center its long experience in the field, as well as its extensive resources of medical information accumulated during the Foundation’s twenty years of existence. These consist of over 1,300,000 English-language _abstract of the world’s biomedical literature, indexes to its abstracting journals, and the microfilm library in which complete original texts of all the 3,000 primary biomedical journals, monitored by Excerpta Medica in Amsterdam are stored since 1960.The objectives of the program of the combined Center include: (1) establishing a firm base of user relevance data; (2) developing improved vocabulary control mechanisms; (3) developing means of determining confidence limits of vocabulary control mechanisms in terms of user relevance data; 4. developing and field testing of new or improved media for providing medical literature to users; 5. developing methods for determining the relationship between learning and relevance in medical information storage and retrieval systems’; and (6) exploring automatic methods for retrospective searching of the specialized indexes of Excerpta Medica.The priority projects to be undertaken by the Center are (1) the investigation of the information needs of medical scientists, and (2) the development of a highly detailed Master List of Biomedical Indexing Terms. Excerpta Medica has already been at work on the latter project for several years.

الجامعة الاسلامية العالمية بماليزيا وودورها فى تعليم اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها International Islamic University of Malaysia and Its Role in Teaching Arabic to Non-Native Speakers

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
علاء حسنى المزين (Alaa Hosni)
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Identity ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
The University ◽  
Scientific Documentation

كان من أهم الآثار الإيجابية للصحوة الإسلامية التى عمت العالم الإسلامى بشكل ملحوظ منذ أوائل السبعينيات فى القرن العشرين زيادة إقبال الشعوب الإسلامية على تعلم اللغة العربية، وبدأ الاهتمام الحقيقى لجامعات العالم الإسلامى بتوفير مساقات متخصصة لهذا الغرض منذ أوائل الثمانينات، وكانت الجامعة الإسلامية العالمية بماليزيا التى أسست سنة 1983 من أنشط الجامعات فى هذا الصدد، وهو نشاط استلفت نظر الباحث إذ وجده يستحق الرصد والتوثيق العلمى، والمراجعة إذا اقتضت الضرورة لا بهدف الإشادة بالتجربة بل رغبة فى الإفادة والاستفادة من قبل المختصين من المهتمين بهذا الميدان الحيوى من ميادين خدمة اللغة العربية بل خدمة الإسلام، وحضارته نظرا للارتباط الوثيق بين اللغة العربية وهذا الدين الحنيف باعتبارها لغة كتابه الخالد، والمعلم الرئيس من معالم الهوية الإسلامية المميزة والصمود الحضارى.*****************************************************One of the most positive effects of the Islamic awakening since the early seventies, in the twentieth century, which spread across the Islamic world in a significant manner, has been the increased Muslims’ interest in learning the Arabic language all over the world. There began a real interest in the universities of the Muslim world for the Arabic language by providing specialized courses for this purpose since the early eighties and  the International Islamic University Malaysia established in 1983 has been the most active university in this regard. And this activity of the university drew the interest of the researcher who found it worthy of investigation and scientific documentation as well as of revision, if necessary, not in order to pay tribute to the experience, but for taking advantage and learning from specialists interested in this vital field of the fields of Arabic language service which is actually service of Islam and its civilization considering the strong connection between Islam and the Arabic language, the language of the Qur’Én , the most distinctive feature of Islamic identity and resilience of Islamic civilization.

Engineering for good: A case of community driven engineering innovation

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinweike Eseonu ◽  
Martin A Cortes
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
First Year ◽  
Engineering Curriculum ◽  
Engineering Design Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The University ◽  
Social Consideration

There is a culture of disengagement from social consideration in engineering disciplines. This means that first year engineering students, who arrive planning to change the world through engineering, lose this passion as they progress through the engineering curriculum. The community driven technology innovation and investment program described in this paper is an attempt to reverse this trend by fusing community engagement with the normal engineering design process. This approach differs from existing project or trip based approaches – outreach – because the focus is on local communities with which the university team forms a long-term partnership through weekly in-person meetings and community driven problem statements – engagement.

The Indian University in a Comparative Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. Madhava Menon
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
University System ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
The University

The purpose of looking at Indian universities in a comparative perspective is obviously to locate it among higher education institutions across the world and to identify its strengths and weaknesses in the advancement of learning and research. In doing so, one can discern the directions for reform in order to put the university system in a competitive advantage for an emerging knowledge society. This chapter looks at the current state of universities in India and highlights the initiatives under way for change and proposes required policy changes.

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