scholarly journals Consensus and polarization in competing complex contagion processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (155) ◽  
pp. 20190196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vítor V. Vasconcelos ◽  
Simon A. Levin ◽  
Flávio L. Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Opinion Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
New Information ◽  
Language Competition ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Modular Structures

The rate of adoption of new information depends on reinforcement from multiple sources in a way that often cannot be described by simple contagion processes. In such cases, contagion is said to be complex. Complex contagion happens in the diffusion of human behaviours, innovations and knowledge. Based on that evidence, we propose a model that considers multiple, potentially asymmetric and competing contagion processes and analyse its respective population-wide dynamics, bringing together ideas from complex contagion, opinion dynamics, evolutionary game theory and language competition by shifting the focus from individuals to the properties of the diffusing processes. We show that our model spans a dynamical space in which the population exhibits patterns of consensus, dominance, and, importantly, different types of polarization, a more diverse dynamical environment that contrasts with single simple contagion processes. We show how these patterns emerge and how different population structures modify them through a natural development of spatial correlations: structured interactions increase the range of the dominance regime by reducing that of dynamic polarization, tight modular structures can generate structural polarization, depending on the interplay between fundamental properties of the processes and the modularity of the interaction network.

Interindividual cooperation mediated by partisanship complicates Madison’s cure for “mischiefs of faction”

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (50) ◽  
pp. e2102148118
Author(s):  
Mari Kawakatsu ◽  
Yphtach Lelkes ◽  
Simon A. Levin ◽  
Corina E. Tarnita
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Opinion Dynamics ◽  
The Political ◽  
Partisan Bias ◽  
Pluralistic Society ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pairwise Interactions ◽  
Issue Space

Political theorists have long argued that enlarging the political sphere to include a greater diversity of interests would cure the ills of factions in a pluralistic society. While the scope of politics has expanded dramatically over the past 75 y, polarization is markedly worse. Motivated by this paradox, we take a bottom–up approach to explore how partisan individual-level dynamics in a diverse (multidimensional) issue space can shape collective-level factionalization via an emergent dimensionality reduction. We extend a model of cultural evolution grounded in evolutionary game theory, in which individuals accumulate benefits through pairwise interactions and imitate (or learn) the strategies of successful others. The degree of partisanship determines the likelihood of learning from individuals of the opposite party. This approach captures the coupling between individual behavior, partisan-mediated opinion dynamics, and an interaction network that changes endogenously according to the evolving interests of individuals. We find that while expanding the diversity of interests can indeed improve both individual and collective outcomes, increasingly high partisan bias promotes a reduction in issue dimensionality via party-based assortment that leads to increasing polarization. When party bias becomes extreme, it also boosts interindividual cooperation, thereby further entrenching extreme polarization and creating a tug-of-war between individual cooperation and societal cohesion. These dangers of extreme partisanship are highest when individuals’ interests and opinions are heavily shaped by peers and there is little independent exploration. Overall, our findings highlight the urgency to study polarization in a coupled, multilevel context.

scholarly journals Evolution of cooperation in an epithelium

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (152) ◽  
pp. 20180918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie Renton ◽  
Karen M. Page
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Voronoi Tessellation ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Fixation Probabilities ◽  
Evolutionary Graph Theory

Cooperation is prevalent in nature, not only in the context of social interactions within the animal kingdom but also on the cellular level. In cancer, for example, tumour cells can cooperate by producing growth factors. The evolution of cooperation has traditionally been studied for well-mixed populations under the framework of evolutionary game theory, and more recently for structured populations using evolutionary graph theory (EGT). The population structures arising due to cellular arrangement in tissues, however, are dynamic and thus cannot be accurately represented by either of these frameworks. In this work, we compare the conditions for cooperative success in an epithelium modelled using EGT, to those in a mechanical model of an epithelium—the Voronoi tessellation (VT) model. Crucially, in this latter model, cells are able to move, and birth and death are not spatially coupled. We calculate fixation probabilities in the VT model through simulation and an approximate analytic technique and show that this leads to stronger promotion of cooperation in comparison with the EGT model.

scholarly journals See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Stop No Evil: Institutional-Level Tracking to Combat Mistreatment of Residents and Fellows

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taj Mustapha ◽  
Yedam Ho ◽  
John S. Andrews ◽  
Michael J. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Graduate Medical Education ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Institutional Level ◽  
Graduate Medical ◽  
Program Evaluations ◽  
New Information

ABSTRACT Background Mistreatment of trainees, including discrimination and harassment, is a problem in graduate medical education. Current tools to assess the prevalence of mistreatment often are not administered institutionally and may not account for multiple sources of mistreatment, limiting an institution's ability to respond and intervene. Objective We describe the utility of a brief questionnaire, embedded within longer institutional program evaluations, measuring the prevalence of different types of trainee mistreatment from multiple sources, including supervisors, team members, colleagues, and patients. Methods In 2018, we administered a modified version of the mistreatment questions in the Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire to investigate the prevalence and sources of mistreatment in graduating residents and fellows. We conducted analyses to determine the prevalence, types, and sources of mistreatment of trainees at the institutional level across graduate medical education programs. Results A total of 234 graduating trainees (77%) from the University of Minnesota—Twin Cities completed the questions. Patients were cited as the primary source of mistreatment in 5 of 6 categories, including both direct and indirect offensive remarks, microaggressions, sexual harassment, and physical threats (paired t test comparisons from t = 3.92 to t = 9.71, all P < .001). The only category of mistreatment in which patients were not the most significant source was humiliation and shaming. Conclusions Six questions concerning types and sources of trainee mistreatment, embedded within an institutional survey, generated new information for institutional-, departmental- and program-based future interventions. Patients were the greatest source for all types of mistreatment except humiliation and shaming.

An AI-Based Approach for the Integration of Multiple Sources of Knowledge to Aid Engineering Design

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Mayer ◽  
S. C.-Y. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Knowledge Sources ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Knowledge Engineer ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
System User ◽  
Basic Ideas

A model for integrating multiple sources of knowledge within engineering expert systems is presented. It allows possible conflicts between multiple knowledge sources to be logically resolved at run-time rather than during the knowledge acquisition stage. Unlike the traditional approach in which the knowledge engineer is responsible for resolving conflicting views, resolutions are dynamically accomplished by the knowledge sources themselves and/or by system users. The system user is included as a problem-solving colleague to select a proper strategy from those offered by different experts. Both qualitative and quantitative constraints are traced during problem solving and can be retracted if necessary. The model has been successfully implemented in an engineering design domain to demonstrate the basic ideas. This research is our first step in a long-term effort to develop a cooperative problem-solving paradigm for knowledge-based engineering systems.

scholarly journals The Research of Social Network Analysis on College Students' Interactive Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Chang Chen ◽  
Min Chen
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Student Affairs ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
New Information

Nowadays the number of college students' suicides are increasing for the insufficient social support or poor interpersonal relations. Furthermore, not much attention has been concerned to students' interpersonal relations when handling student affairs and only very limited information about students' interaction network is available. This paper studies the peer network of college students by using the tool of social network analysis. And it aims to serve as instrumental support for students to foster and develop harmonious interpersonal relations. It offers new information for school counsellor to better handle student affairs and provides information support for the carrying out of moral and ideological guidance for students.

scholarly journals Developing Cardiac Electrophysiology Ontology: Moving Towards Data Harmonization and Integration

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Hadi Kazemi-Arpanahi ◽  
Mostafa Shanbehzadeh ◽  
Saeed Jelvay ◽  
Hassan Bostan
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽  
Conduction System ◽  
Heterogeneous Databases ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Data Heterogeneity ◽  
Unified View ◽  
Ontology Building ◽  
Explicit Communication

Introduction: Cardiac electrophysiology (EP) studies the electrical heart conduction system which is used for diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. In this context, a huge amount of data is generated, requiring efficient and effective access, interpretation, and data analysis from multiple sources in a unified view. To resolve this challenge, this essay presents an ontology to reconcile data heterogeneity problems in this domain.Material and Methods: The cardiac EP ontology was constructed according to the life cycle of ontology building. Structural, functional, and expert evaluation was performed to ensure its quality and usability.     Results: Cardiac EP ontology was developed using protégé environment and implemented in OWL editing tool. It presented a detailed hierarchical structure of the cardiac EP domain with around 324 instances describing cardiac EP-related concepts.Conclusion: Cardiac EP ontology provides an explicit formal description of the concepts, relationships, and properties associated with cardiac electrophysiology making seamless data integration between multiple heterogeneous databases. It also is a useful framework for knowledge representation in knowledge-based systems, as well as for explicit communication between experts in the EP domain.

Knowledge-Based Intermediaries

2010 ◽  
pp. 191-205
Author(s):  
Levent V. Orman
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Electronic Markets ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
New Information ◽  
Maintenance Systems ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Organizational Architecture ◽  
New Generation

A new generation of intermediaries is predicted to flourish in the emerging electronic markets. They rely on new information technologies such as the semantic web, rule-based triggers, and knowledge-based constraint maintenance systems. These technologies do not automate or reduce intermediation, but inspire new types of intermediaries that rely on the technologies and complement them with human organizations. An inter-organizational architecture based on multiple levels of intermediation is described, and arguments are presented for its usefulness in emerging electronic markets.

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