scholarly journals A multivariate geostatistical framework for combining multiple indices of abundance for disease vectors and reservoirs: a case study of rattiness in a low-income urban Brazilian community

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (170) ◽  
pp. 20200398
Author(s):  
Max T. Eyre ◽  
Ticiana S. A. Carvalho-Pereira ◽  
Fábio N. Souza ◽  
Hussein Khalil ◽  
Kathryn P. Hacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Host Abundance ◽  
Latent Process ◽  
Geostatistical Models ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Spatially Varying

A key requirement in studies of endemic vector-borne or zoonotic disease is an estimate of the spatial variation in vector or reservoir host abundance. For many vector species, multiple indices of abundance are available, but current approaches to choosing between or combining these indices do not fully exploit the potential inferential benefits that might accrue from modelling their joint spatial distribution. Here, we develop a class of multivariate generalized linear geostatistical models for multiple indices of abundance. We illustrate this novel methodology with a case study on Norway rats in a low-income urban Brazilian community, where rat abundance is a likely risk factor for human leptospirosis. We combine three indices of rat abundance to draw predictive inferences on a spatially continuous latent process, rattiness , that acts as a proxy for abundance. We show how to explore the association between rattiness and spatially varying environmental factors, evaluate the relative importance of each of the three contributing indices and assess the presence of residual, unexplained spatial variation, and identify rattiness hotspots. The proposed methodology is applicable more generally as a tool for understanding the role of vector or reservoir host abundance in predicting spatial variation in the risk of human disease.

scholarly journals A multivariate geostatistical framework for combining multiple indices of abundance for disease vectors and reservoirs: A case study of rattiness in a low-income urban Brazilian community

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max T Eyre ◽  
Ticiana S. A. Carvalho-Pereira ◽  
Fábio N Souza ◽  
Hussein Khalil ◽  
Kathryn P Hacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Host Abundance ◽  
Latent Process ◽  
Geostatistical Models ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Spatially Varying

A key requirement in studies of endemic vector-borne or zoonotic disease is an estimate of the spatial variation in vector or reservoir host abundance. For many vector species, multiple indices of abundance are available, but current approaches to choosing between or combining these indices do not fully exploit the potential inferential benefits that might accrue from modelling their joint spatial distribution. Here, we develop a class of multivariate generalized linear geostatistical models for multiple indices of abundance. We illustrate this novel methodology with a case study on Nor- way rats in a low-income urban Brazilian community, where rat abundance is a likely risk-factor for human leptospirosis. We combine three indices of rat abundance to draw predictive inferences on a spatially continuous latent process, rattiness, that acts as a proxy for abundance. We show how to explore the association between rattiness and spatially varying environmental factors, evaluate the relative importance of each of the three contributing indices, assess the presence of residual, unexplained spatial variation, and identify rattiness hotspots. The proposed methodology is applicable more generally as a tool for understanding the role of vector or reservoir host abundance in predicting spatial variation in the risk of human disease.

Improving public housing policies that target low-income households: The value of adding proximity to discretion

2021 ◽  
pp. 239965442110411
Author(s):  
Lauro Gonzalez ◽  
Fernanda Lima-Silva ◽  
Marlei Pozzebon
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Collective Case Study ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Leading Role

Research on street-level bureaucrats has examined the various ways in which these professionals have implemented public policies in areas such as healthcare, education, and security, often emphasizing the role played by discretion in the implementation process. Despite its importance, the concept of street-level bureaucracy has scarcely been approached by housing studies. This study focuses on the role of street-level workers in the delivery of public housing to the lower-income population. We affirm the value of complementing street-level discretion with the concept of proximity, a premise borrowed from the microfinance literature, to increase the understanding of the interactions and relationships established between street-level workers and policy recipients during the implementation process. Such complementarity may contribute to a more accurate understanding of the housing policy implementation dynamics on the street-level and the possible adjustments to meet local needs. To explore this issue, we used a theoretical lens inspired by Goffman’s frame analysis that points to the importance of relational mechanisms that characterize the interactions between street-level workers and beneficiaries. These lenses were applied to a collective case study of Minha Casa Minha Vida-Entidades, a Brazilian subprogram in which street-level workers linked to social housing movements assume a leading role in the planning and execution of interventions. The results indicate that the combination of proximity and discretion has a positive influence on the implementation of housing policies. Our analysis shows the existence of nonprofit-oriented arrangements that may present different features and nuances at the implementation (micro) level and contribute to the (macro) debate on housing policies.

Mothers, daughters, fathers and sons: intergenerational family social capital and inequalities in Guayaquil, Ecuador

2020 ◽  
pp. 095624782095902
Author(s):  
Caroline O N Moser
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Family Social Capital ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Fathers And Sons ◽  
Over 40 Years

This paper describes the role of intergenerational processes in increasing or reducing multidimensional inequality in Indio Guayas, a low-income peripheral settlement in Guayaquil, Ecuador. It also examines the importance of family social capital, irrespective of spatial location, as against household social capital in these processes. This longitudinal case study included a dataset on trends from 1978 through 1992 to 2004, in-depth studies over the decades, and further comparative research in 2018. The anthropological narrative is provided by the voices of three women and their families over 40 years. In 2018, interviews my son and I undertook for the documentary film Calle K demonstrated the importance of family social capital in the intergenerational reciprocity among mothers, daughters, fathers and sons, while illustrating different intergenerational trajectories addressing the challenges of inequality at this micro-level. The postscript points to the likely critical importance of family social capital in the context of the appalling COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals ROLE of inter-related population-level host traits in determining pathogen richness and zoonotic risk

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim C.D. Lucas ◽  
Hilde M. Wilkinson-Herbots ◽  
Kate E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Host Density ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
Zoonotic Risk ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Related Population

AbstractZoonotic diseases are an increasingly important source of human infectious diseases, and host pathogen richness of reservoir host species is a critical driver of spill-over risk. Population-level traits of hosts such as population size, host density and geographic range size have all been shown to be important determinants of host pathogen richness. However, empirically identifying the independent influences of these traits has proven difficult as many of these traits directly depend on each other. Here we develop a mechanistic, metapopulation, susceptible-infected-recovered model to identify the independent influences of these population-level traits on the ability of a newly evolved pathogen to invade and persist in host populations in the presence of an endemic pathogen. We use bats as a case study as they are highly social and an important source of zoonotic disease. We show that larger populations and group sizes had a greater influence on the chances of pathogen invasion and persistence than increased host density or the number of groups. As anthropogenic change affects these traits to different extents, this increased understanding of how traits independently determine pathogen richness will aid in predicting future zoonotic spill-over risk.

scholarly journals The Role of Yemen's Awqaf in Solving the Problem of Low Income Housing: A Case Study of Sana'a Capital

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56
Author(s):  
Abdul Karim Ali Al-Mamary ◽  
Abdul Aziz Ahmed Al-Kabab
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The Public ◽  
Investment Return ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
Low Income Housing

This research deals with the extent to which the Waqf has contributed since the mid-1970s to solving the problem of low income housing in cooperation with the public and private sectors, and discusses the multi-faceted aspects of the endowments of land, capital, or both. The factors that led to the decline of the investment sector in the Ministry of Awqaf to continue to adopt this type of projects and most importantly not to achieve the investment return desired. The research aims to highlight the role of the Waqf in contributing to solving the problem of housing in the Municipality of the capital in particular by highlighting the projects of the residential stay in which it was built and the reasons that led to its decline. The importance of the research is to highlight the role of the Waqf in contributing to solving societal problems. The Municipality of the capital, such as the problem of housing with low income, and the possibility of returning again to contribute effectively and achieve the desired objectives, while achieving economic feasibility so as to be able to achieve comprehensive and balanced sustainable development that achieve the interest of the parties endowment and society. The research focuses on the identification and adoption of modern scientific methods in the field of investment. The study concluded several recommendations that contribute to restoring the role of the Waqf in the service of society, especially in the provision of housing for people with low income. Keywords: Waqf, Aian (land, building), Prevention, Low income, Housing.

scholarly journals Technology for Educational Purposes Among Low-Income Latino Children Living in a Mobile Park in Silicon Valley: A Case Study Before and During COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-514
Author(s):  
Claire Ji Hee Kim ◽  
Amado M. Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Systematic Improvement ◽  
Access To Technology ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Improve Student Learning

Our case study explored the role of technology in education among low-income Latino residents living in a mobile park in Silicon Valley. Through surveys and in-person interviews with parents and children, we report qualitative data on home Internet access and availability of technological devices utilized for school-related purposes. The results of this study indicated that despite having a baseline level of access to technology as well as an understanding of its importance in the context of a child’s education, our study population currently faces significant barriers to having adequate access to technology at home due to socioeconomic barriers. The digital divide in educational technology was magnified when schools were abruptly closed in favor of online instruction for all children due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings strongly support the recommendation that more attention and systematic improvement are required in order to eliminate disparities and improve student learning and parental involvement with schooling for marginalized communities.

Conditions and Consequences of ELULU Improvement: Environmental Justice Lessons from San Francisco, CA

2020 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2092940
Author(s):  
Miriam Solis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
Neighborhood Relationship ◽  
Locally Unwanted Land Uses

Existing locally unwanted land uses (ELULUs) are disproportionately located in low-income communities of color. As ELULUs fall into disrepair, can planners redevelop them in ways that advance environmental justice and, if so, how? Through a case study of a San Francisco ELULU redevelopment planning process, this article highlights the central role of community-based organizing in generating policy changes that promoted certain environmental justice outcomes. A reconceptualization of the agency-neighborhood relationship was key. Findings also identify the obduracy of infrastructure and directed redress as central planning considerations and tensions.

Educational Restructuring from a Community Viewpoint: A Case Study of School Closure from Invercargill, New Zealand

10.1068/c05r ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Witten ◽  
Robin Kearns ◽  
Nick Lewis ◽  
Heather Coster ◽  
Tim McCreanor
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Educational Restructuring ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Impact

Beyond their educational function, schools are frequently a focal point for community life. We argue that this latter role was compromised in New Zealand by a decade of neoliberal realignments within education policy. During the 1990s the abolition of school zones, the commodification of education, and the drive for efficiency in the allocation of educational resources undermined the place of school in community life. In this paper we explore the impacts of a school closure on an urban neighbourhood in Invercargill, New Zealand. We present and interpret narratives gathered during an interview-based study of the closure of Surrey Park Primary School. Our analysis highlights parents' perspectives on the role of the educational bureaucracy in the closure debate, the ambiguous role assigned to ‘community’ within the restructured system, the impact of the closure for low-income families, and the place of schools in contributing to the neighbourhood social cohesion. Our analysis concurs with international research suggesting that breaking links between schools and communities has potentially significant educational impacts on children.

scholarly journals Food Desertification: Situating Choice and Class Relations within an Urban Political Economy of Declining Food Access

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Bedore
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Food System ◽  
Food Desert ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Urban Political Economy

While food deserts create whole sets of tangible consequences for people living within them, the problem has yet to be the subject of much normative, in-depth evaluation as an urban political economy of food access. This paper provides a critical analysis of a specific food desert and its responses, drawing on a case study of the low-income, spatially segregated North End of the small city of Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The main thrust of the paper is that the food desert remains a useful yet underexplored phenomenon through which to reveal the complexities and tensions surrounding the treatment of “choice” in a classed society. Understood as an urban political economy of declining food access, the food desert phenomenon reveals capital’s complex role in the promotion or violation of dignity through the urban geographies of acquiring food for oneself, family, or household. Through the data presented here, the article also argues for a collective pause among critical scholars to radicalize, rather than reject, the role of consumer choice in a more just food system, and for further normative engagement with urban landscapes of retail consolidation.

The Role of Digital Marketing and Online Relationship Quality in Social Tourism

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Maia Alves ◽  
Bruno Miguel Sousa ◽  
Ana Machado
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Relational Marketing ◽  
Digital Environments ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Research Propositions

The literature widely suggests that the digital media has greatly impacted the way a marketer reaches today's consumer. The adaptive process enabled by the digital technologies creates value in new ways in new digital environments. Therefore, social tourism has been defined as the effects and phenomena that result from the participation in tourism and more specifically from the participation of low-income groups. The chapter focuses on accessible tourism and tourism for all. A case study will be present. This chapter will discuss the increasing phenomena of online relationship and digital marketing in specific social tourism contexts. Based on the literature review, the authors will develop a research propositions that connect the online relationship quality dimension developed by the relational marketing (i.e., online contexts) with the consequent e-satisfaction and word-of-mouth (eWOM). The authors also considered some implications for management, as well as give suggestions for future lines of research.

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