Sir William Reid, F. R. S., 1791-1858: governor of Bermuda, Barbados and Malta

1986 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-191 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Botanical Exploration ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
New Imperialism ◽  
The 19Th Century

In The Tools of Empire Daniel Headrick drew attention to the important theme of technology and empire (1). Rather than concentrating on the motives for imperial expansion, Headrick focused on the technologies that allowed Europeans to spread so extensively over the globe in the late 19th century. Technological developments— the tools o f empire— such as the steamer, quinine, the breechloader and the cable, enabled impressive territorial expansion. The link between the Industrial Revolution and the New Imperialism was clearly indicated by Headrick. Technology was power. Technological development made possible imperial development. Conversely, the network of empire allowed technology to expand. The opportunity for the diffusion of ideas and technologies through space and time was enhanced because of imperialism. The empire allowed for the flow of information from one setting to another. This point is illustrated by reference to the exchange and diffusion of botanical plants. W. H. G. Armytage suggested that botanic gardens were the seedbeds of science, and that Kew Gardens was envisaged as a ‘great plant exchange, advisory centre and spearhead of botanical exploration’ for the British Empire (2). More recently Lucille Brockway has explored this theme, viewing Kew as a coordinating agency for the exploitation of the botanical resources of the empire (3). But the diffusion of information involved more than plants and occurred across a wide spectrum of science and technology. There was certainly a complex interrelationship between imperial expansion and scientific developments. In recent articles Robert Stafford and James Secord have discussed the imperial theme in the development of 19th-century British geology (4). Just as there is a relation today between technological development and space exploration, in the 19th century there was a complicated interaction between technology and imperial expansion. Developments in one area impinged on the other.

scholarly journals Challenges of Pancasila Ideology in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0: Case Study of Generation Z and Millennials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sovi Dwi Febrian Silva ◽  
Moses Glorino
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Human Capital Management ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
The People ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Government

Introduction: The imbalance between technological development and ideological strengthening has resulted in the fading of the Pancasila ideological values of millennials. Technology that accompanies everyday life seems to be the main character in human life. Yet if humans themselves do not use technology wisely, technology can be a threat to both individuals and the life of the nation and state. If technology is increasingly out of control, threats to the Pancasila ideology are very likely to occur, such as in the G 30S PKI incident. Therefore, it is necessary to take action both from the government and the community as individuals to safeguard the development of technology to be used wisely. That way, we can prevent the threat to the Pancasila ideology together. Writing this article aims to analyze how the role and influence of the Pancasila ideology on the millennial generation in the 4.0 industrial revolution and to find solutions so that the values of Pancasila remain attached to the next generation of the Indonesian nation. Method: Writing This article uses a qualitative method by using literature reviews from the results of related research journals that have been published online through websites and other online media. Results: Thirteen journals and one book have met the criteria for the inclusion of a predetermined review. Research is based on the stigma of society regarding technological developments in the Industrial revolution 4.0. Therefore, the government is expected to be more severe in implementing human capital management. Conclusion: By procuring human capital management, it will be possible that Human Resources (HR) in Indonesia will be able to carry out the ideals of a golden Indonesian generation with Pancasila values inherent in the hearts of the people and the nation's future generations.

scholarly journals FROM ORANJE NASSAU TO PULAU LAUT : THE INVEST OF COAL MINING IN SOUTHEAST KALIMANTAN FROM 1845 TO 1931

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Mansyur -
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
World Market ◽  
Mining Company ◽  
The World ◽  
Coal Market ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

European Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century brought great changes not only in Europe itself but also in other parts of the world including Indonesia which was used to be a country of Dutch colony. The invention of steam-powered ships triggered the Dutch to use steam-powered vessels as the alteration of yachts, wind-powered ships, in the 19th century. At the beginning, the steam-powered ships used rotating wheels in the left and right side; however, the ships finally used ordinary windmills or propellers. The decrease and the lack of this production was getting worsened the competition of other producer countries in world market and the unstable coal market and in crisis year in 1930, Pulau Laut Mining Company production dropped so that it was closed down in the same year.

English Competition Law Before 1900

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry E. Hawk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Sherman Act ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
English Law ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
The 19Th Century

English competition law before 1900 developed over many centuries and reflected changes in political conditions, economic theories and social values. It mirrored the historical movements in England, from the medieval ideal of fair prices and just wages to 16th and 17th century nation-state mercantilism to the 18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution and notions of laissez faire capitalism and freedom of contract. English competition law at varying times articulated three fundamental principles: monopolies were disfavored; freedom to trade was emphasized; and fair or reasonable prices were sought. The Sherman Act truly was a watershed that significantly took a different path from English law as it had evolved. In England, legal challenges to monopolization were limited to the royal creation of monopolies and were concentrated in the 17th and early 18th centuries. A prominent element of English competition law—bans on forestalling—was repealed in the first half of the 19th century. Enforcement of English law against cartels was largely emasculated by the end of the 19th century with the ascendancy of freedom of contract and laissez faire political theory.

The Origins of Engineering Design

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Dimarogonas
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Modern Engineering ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
Systematic Development ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Engineering is distinguished from craft or invention by systematic development and use of intelligence and scientific knowledge. Elements of engineering design can be found in the great Potamic civilizations but systematic engineering design activity started in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic world and matured under the Romans. The renaissance and the industrial revolution revived Engineering and modern engineering design was eventually defined during the 19th Century.

ing if one remembers that the Industrial Revolution started in France a few decades after England. But several authors [Levy-Leboyer, 1968; Asselain, 1984; and Keyder & O'Brien, 1978] ex­ plain that the French economy always kept up with technological progress in Great-Britain. A massive deceleration in the economy occurred between 1790 and 1810; the French industrial produc­ tion, which was probably equivalent in volume to the English one in 1790, was reduced to a much lower level in 1810. However, a new start occurred after 1810 and the two countries had parallel industrial growths all through the 19th century. Cost accounting systems may have appeared around the turn of and after the 15 th century in Europe [Gamer, 1954]. They actually spread to most firms during the industrial revolution in the 19th century; first in England, then in France, then in the USA, and in Germany. The aim of the present article is to describe the creation and development of such an industrial accounting system at Cie Saint-Gobain. This paper discusses the development of accounting by this very old company (created in 1665) between 1820, when it abandoned single entry bookkeeping, and 1880, when it achieved a full cost system. When examining the archives, this researcher saw no evidence that the textbooks mentioned above were read by anyone at Saint-Gobain. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SAINT-GOBAIN: THE ROYAL MANUFACTURE AND THE PRIVILEGE Instead of continuing to buy glass from Venice, which was too much for the finances of the French kingdom, Colbert encouraged the foundation of a Manufacture Royale des Glaces, established in Rue Reuilly in Paris. The creation and development of the Com­ pany resulted from privileges granted by the monarch to business­ men successively in 1665, 1683, 1688, 1695, 1702, 1757 and 1785. Those privileges made the firm a hybrid one, depending both on public and private laws; on the one hand it had a privilege and on the other hand the legal statutes of a limited Company [Pris, 1973, p. 26]. Having a privilege meant industrial, commercial, fiscal, ad­ ministrative, juridical and financial advantages such as exemption of taxes, free circulation for goods bought and sold, and a prohibi­ tion for anyone to sell the same kind of product. Saint-Gobain was therefore protected from possible rivals and all those years of 194

2014 ◽  
pp. 250-250
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
French Economy ◽  
Single Entry ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

scholarly journals Organ building in Lithuania in the 19th century

Menotyra ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimantas Gučas
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Organ Building ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The 19Th Century

For Lithuania, the 19th century was marked by the symbol of the Russian Empire – Lithuania became a province of a foreign empire. Farming suffered a severe general downturn. As the Church’s powers began to be restricted, there was almost no opportunity for new significant instruments to emerge. The monasteries, which until then had been the initiators of the best organ building, were closed. Eastern Catholic (Unitarian) churches, which also had organs in Lithuania, became part of the Russian Orthodox Church, and the organs were ordered to be liquidated. The Catholic Church itself, unlike evangelicals, also had little regard for music and especially for organ matters. From the beginning of the 15th century, the development of Lithuanian organ culture was closely associated with Königsberg. Once the import customs were imposed, significant contacts which had taken place almost disappeared. The industrial revolution in Lithuania was delayed, and for half a century small artisan workshops still prevailed. Almost exclusively small, single-manual organs without pedals or positives were built. A large three-manual organ at Vilnius University St John’s Church was rather an exception. It was built by the Tiedemanns. This family, which originated in East Prussia, worked in the Baltic States throughout the first half of the 19th century. Only in the middle of the century did the new European organ building trend, the so-called organ romanticism, reach Lithuania. A particularly important role in this period was played by the experience of organ building of the neighbouring Curonia. Very few impressive examples were created, and in this respect Lithuania is hardly able to compete with the major countries of Central Europe. Lithuania is characterized by the fact that in the 19th century local masters and companies ( J. Rudavičius, M. Masalskis, F. Ostromensky), as well as masters from neighbouring Curonia (Herrmann, Weissenborn) and Poland (Blomberg) worked there. In western Lithuania, then part of Prussia, Terletzki was active. Meanwhile, large factories (Walcker, Rieger) reached Lithuania only in the first half of the twentieth century and only in a few instances. At that time, more work started to be focusing on the construction of two-manual with pedal instruments. At the end of the century, J. Rudavicius built some three-manual organs. His 63-stop organ built in 1896 for a long time was the largest in Lithuania. Although the 19th century Lithuanian organs are relatively modest compared to other countries, they have the value that is only growing in the context of present-day Europe, since the “progressive ideology” of more economically powerful European countries affected the art of organ building and few small romantic instruments are left.

scholarly journals Los orígenes de la municipalización de servicios. El industrialismo público inglés (Municipal Trading) y la Sociedad Fabiana

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Magaldi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Bernard Shaw ◽  
Fabian Society

<p align="justify">A lo largo del siglo XIX hizo su aparición en Inglaterra un fenómeno nuevo, conocido como municipalización de servicios o municipal trading, en virtud del cual los municipios ingleses fueron asumiendo progresivamente la prestación de diversos servicios que habían devenido esenciales en las ciudades, como consecuencia de la Revolución Industrial y del intenso movimiento demográfico (campo-ciudad) que aquella había generado. En el marco teórico de este movimiento municipalizador destacó muy especialmente la aportación realizada por un grupo de pensadores e intelectuales aglutinados en torno a las figuras de Sydney y Beatrice Webb y Bernard Shaw (la Sociedad Fabiana) y que habrían de constituir el núcleo originario del laborismo británico.</p><br /> <p align="justify"><b> Municipal trading appeared as a new phenomenon in England during the 19th century. As a consequence, English local authorities had to provide for new social needs that had become essential after the Industrial Revolution and the migrations from the countryside to the cities that followed. A group of intellectuals and thinkers who gathered around the figures of Sydney and Beatrice Webb and Bernard Shaw (the Fabian Society) played a capital role in building the theoretical framework of this movement. They became the original hard core of British Labor.</p>

scholarly journals APŠVIETIMAS KAIP ARCHITEKTŪROS MODERNUMO SIMBOLIS

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Martynas Valevičius
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Technical Development ◽  
New Era ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Independent Field ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper is designed to reveal the aesthetics of artificial lighting and its influence on the architecture of the 20th century. The main topics discussed are electric lighting, which appeard in our history at the end of the 19th century, and the technical development of lighting till the middle of the 20th century. Connections of artificial lighting with visual arts, its influence on advertisement, building architecture and the whole city are analysed. An idea is proposed that although lighting by nature was purely functional, very soon it acquired symbolic ambitions to represent architecture. In modern times architects understood that lighting was both a technological development and a symbol of a new era, when there appeared an independent field of creation - lighting architecture. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama dirbtinio apšvietimo estetika ir jos įtaka XX a. architektūrai. Išryškinta XIX a. pabaigoje atsiradusio elektrinio apšvietimo svarba ir atskleista apšvietimo techninė raida iki XX a. vidurio. Nagrinėjamos dirbtinio apšvietimo sąsajos su vizualiaisiais menais, apšvietimo įtaka reklamai, pastatų architektūrai bei visam miestui. Straipsnyje keliama idėja, kad nors apšvietimo prigimtis pradžioje buvo grynai funkcionali, ji greitai įgavo simbolinių ambicijų – reprezentuoti architektūrą. Architektai į apšvietimą žvelgė ne tik kaip į technologinę pažangą, tai buvo naują erą ženklinantis simbolis, erą, kurioje atsiranda didelės įtakos visoms kūrybinėms idėjoms turinti nauja savarankiška kūrybos sritis – šviesos architektūra.

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