The Royal Society and the Empire: The colonial and Commonwealth Fellowship Part 2. After 1847

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Home
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Hegemony ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Wide System ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Colonial Science ◽  
Royal Society Of London

In the first part of this paper I provided a systematic historical analysis of the election of residents of Britain's colonial territories to The Royal Society of London in the period before the reform of the Society's rules in 1847. Residents of the colonies were always eligible for election on the Home List and significant numbers of Fellows were elected on the basis of colonial careers. In the present paper the analysis is extended to reveal the changing pattern of elections from different parts of the Empire after 1847. After the reform of 1847, election came to be regarded as the ultimate accolade that could be bestowed on a scientist working in the colonies, as it did for scientists working in Britain. The Society thus came to function as the linchpin of an Empire-wide system of scientific patronage and reward that helped to keep colonial science firmly bound to that of the metropolis. By preserving its rules unchanged, even after the breaking up of the Empire after World War II, the Society helped Britain to retain a degree of cultural hegemony, so far as science was concerned, over its former colonial territories, long after they achieved political independence.

scholarly journals A Historical Analysis of Japanese Road Improvement in Relation to Economic Development since World War II

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Yoshitsugu HAYASHI ◽  
Takaaki OKUDA ◽  
Hirokazu KATO ◽  
Yasuharu TOMATSU
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
World War

Introductory remarks

1977 ◽  
Vol 287 (1346) ◽  
pp. 353-353
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Introductory Review ◽  
Civil Government

The following papers were all presented at a two-day meeting of the Royal Society on 28 and 29 October 1976. The purpose of the meeting was to review the progress of the subject since its introduction into industry and civil government after World War II . After an introductory review , the papers were grouped into two parts.

scholarly journals Patricia Hannah Clarke. 29 July 1919 — 28 January 2010

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
W. J. Brammar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Microbial Evolution ◽  
World War ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Metabolic Capability ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
Dedicated Service ◽  
University College London ◽  
The University

Patricia Hannah Clarke was a distinguished British biochemist and microbiologist who won an international reputation for her work on microbial evolution. After completing the Natural Sciences Tripos at the University of Cambridge at the beginning of World War II, she chose to work for the Armaments Research Department, before moving into microbiological research on bacterial toxoids. She was appointed to an assistant lectureship in biochemistry at University College London in 1953, eventually becoming Professor of Microbial Biochemistry in 1974. Her pioneering work on the directed evolution of bacterial metabolic capability led to her election to Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1976. Patricia gave dedicated service to the scientific community through her many years of committee work with the Royal Society, the Biochemical Society and the Society for General Microbiology. She was a passionate advocate of the importance of equal opportunities for women in education and scientific careers.

The Royal Society, its Fellows and industrial R&D in the mid twentieth century

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally M. Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
New Products ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Commentators and politicians have frequently argued that the performance of the British economy could be significantly improved by paying more attention to the translation of the results of scientific research into new products and processes. They have frequently suggested that deficiencies in achieving this are part of a long-standing national malaise and regularly point to a few well-worn examples to support their contention. What are conspicuous by their absence from these debates are detailed and contextual studies that actually examine the nature of the interactions between scientists and industry and how these changed over time. This paper provides one such study by examining three aspects of the relationship between the Royal Society, its Fellows and industrial R&D during the mid twentieth century. It looks first at the enthusiasm for industrial research to be found across the political spectrum after World War II before examining the election as Fellows of the Royal Society of men who worked in industry at the time of their election. Finally it considers the extent to which industrial R&D was incorporated into the way in which the Royal Society presented itself to the outside world through its Conversazione. Despite the absence of formal structures to translate the results of the work of scientists employed in other institutional contexts to industry, there is much evidence to indicate that there were plenty of other opportunities for the exchange of information to take place.

Fleeing from firestorms: government, cities, native place associations and refugees in the Anti-Japanese War of Resistance

Urban History ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOBY LINCOLN
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
World War ◽  
Urban Identity ◽  
War Of Resistance ◽  
Native Place ◽  
Different Parts

ABSTRACT:This article explores the refugee experiences of three communities in Shanghai during the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. Social and political organizations worked together in different ways to send people safely back to different parts of China. I argue that this shows how migrant identities were trans-local and that urban identity in the first half of the twentieth century in China was never wholly confined within one city. Rather, networks of individuals and institutions worked together to handle the crisis caused by one of the most devastating invasions of World War II.

Markets work in war: World War II reflected in the Zurich and Stockholm bond markets

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUNO S. FREY ◽  
DANIEL WALDENSTRÖM
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
Bond Markets ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Systematic Biases

This article examines how trading on two geographically separate financial markets reflected political events before and during World War II. Specifically, we compare sovereign debt prices on the Zurich and Stockholm stock exchanges and find considerable (but not complete) symmetry in the price responses across the two markets in relation to turning points in the war, which suggests that markets worked efficiently. The use of a quantitative methodology on historical financial market data represents a useful complement to traditional historical analysis, offering large-scale evidence of individuals acting in their own pecuniary interest without producing any lasting systematic biases.

scholarly journals Getting to the core of the matter: The rise and fall of the Nova Scotia apple industry, 1862-1980

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-22
Author(s):  
Anika Roberts-Stahlbrand
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Regime Theory ◽  
Food Regime ◽  
World War ◽  
Apple Industry ◽  
The Core

This article will apply food regime theory to an examination of the rise and fall of the apple industry in Nova Scotia between 1862 and 1980. From the 1860s until World War II, apples were a booming cross-Atlantic export business that continued the colonial bonds to Britain. But after the war, Britain developed its own domestic apple industry, and Nova Scotia apples failed to capture a loyal and secure market based on taste or quality. This led to the decline of the industry by the 1980s. Since that time, a new local apple industry based on taste and craft processing has arisen in Nova Scotia.  This article affirms the broad historical analysis of food regime theory, while drawing attention to the need for an ecological enhancement of the theory. 

scholarly journals Education for statehood as a fundamental element of civil defence education in Czechoslovakia in the years between 1918 and 1939

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stepan Kavan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
State Education ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Civil Defence

This article is a reflection of statehood education as a basic element of education. The research focuses on the period after the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 to the time before World War II in 1939. The aim of the research is to explore the basic approaches to the implementation of education for statehood in terms of the creation of a new state in relation to civil defence education in Czechoslovakia. The comparative historical analysis will be utilized as the research method on the subject of education for statehood. The comparative historical analysis is used as a specific tool for qualitative research. This is a procedure which can be applied to the statehood issue of education to its basic elements, by which it will be possible to learn more about this phenomenon and subsequently explain it. Perceptions and ideas about the tasks of the state have gradually changed and evolved. This means the creation and development of the legal order, providing security and order within the state. Education for statehood was directed to such education and creating an environment so that every citizen, irrespective of nationality, religion, political opinion and social environment in which they live, has the physical and mental ability and willing to enthusiastically and faithfully fulfill their civic duties.Keywords: Statehood, Czechoslovak Republic, civil defence education 

Some Theoretical Aspects of Economic Development

1954 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
World War ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The World ◽  
Freedom Of Action

While the problem of economic development long has been a standard topic for economic historians, it has not been until recent years that most other modern economists have displayed a more dian casual interest in this subject. Two sets of factors have been particularly important in stimulating this new activity. The first, of course, concerns the ever-increasing efforts being made to accelerate economic development in the so-called “backward” regions of the world. Since World War II a number of the countries in the economically backward list have received eitfier complete political independence or a much greater degree of freedom. And one of the major ways they are using this new freedom of action is to plan and undertake extensive governmental development projects. For rightly or wrongly most of these countries feel that their former rulers thwarted the type of economic development most beneficial to the native population, and they are almost fanatically anxious to remedy this condition.

Report. Migrants to The Royal Society, 1930–1940

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-304
Author(s):  
A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
World War ◽  
Electronic Appendix ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Jewish Descent ◽  
Scientific Life

It is well known that after the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, many scholars, musicians, artists and writers were expelled or found it impossible to continue to work in Gemany. Scientists also, especially those of Jewish descent or connections, similarly left Germany and countries that came under the influence of Germany. Many of those artists, scholars and scientists who came to Britain stimulated the efflorescence of intellectual, artistic and scientific life in the years after the end of World War II. Those influences have been described in a number of books, albeit mostly in rather general terms. The list that is the subject of this note includes by contrast all Fellows and Foreign Members of the Society, so far as it has been possible to identify them, who after leaving for Britain or for other lands, were elected to the Society (electronic Appendix A).

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