Radiation measurements with heat-proof polyethylene terephthalate bottles

2010 ◽  
Vol 466 (2122) ◽  
pp. 2847-2856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidehito Nakamura ◽  
Hisashi Kitamura ◽  
Ryuta Hazama
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Plastic Scintillator ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Plastic Scintillators ◽  
Radiation Measurements

This study demonstrates that the energy resolution of a newly developed 100 per cent pure polyvinyltoluene (PVT) plate allows its use as a base material for a plastic scintillator. The energy resolution, which is a key element for high-performance radiation detectors, was Δ E / E =8.41±0.07% (full width at half maximum (FWHM)) for 976 keV K-line conversion electrons from a 207 Bi source. On the basis of results from 207 Bi and 137 Cs sources, the observed energy resolution of the PVT plate, Δ E / E =8.2/ E 1/2 % (FWHM), was slightly better than that of a typical plastic scintillator (BC-408), Δ E / E =8.7/ E 1/2 % (FWHM), with E in units of MeV. These results prompted us to search for other new base materials for plastic scintillators. In this study, we examined polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, a common source of domestic plastic waste. We demonstrated that a lump of heat-proof PET bottles is fluorescent; moreover, there is excellent compatibility of the fluorescence with the quantum efficiency of typical photomultiplier tubes. This inexpensive source of plastic appears suitable for radiation measurements and as a base material for plastic scintillators. Future studies on the radiation response of plastics should lead to the development of higher performance and more eco-friendly radiation detectors.

scholarly journals Optimization of Plastic Scintillator for Detection of Gamma-Rays: Simulation and Experimental Study

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Sujung Min ◽  
Youngsu Kim ◽  
Kwang-Hoon Ko ◽  
Bumkyung Seo ◽  
JaeHak Cheong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Number ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Plastic Scintillator ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Radiation Detection ◽  
High Atomic Number ◽  
Plastic Scintillators ◽  
The Difference

Plastic scintillators are widely used in various radiation measurement applications, and the use of plastic scintillators for nuclear applications including decommissioning, such as gamma-ray detection and measurement, is an important concern. With regard to efficient and effective gamma-ray detection, the optimization for thickness of plastic scintillator is strongly needed. Here, we elucidate optimization of the thickness of high-performance plastic scintillator using high atomic number material. Moreover, the EJ-200 of commercial plastic scintillators with the same thickness was compared. Two computational simulation codes (MCNP, GEANT4) were used for thickness optimization and were compared with experimental results to verify data obtained by computational simulation. From the obtained results, it was confirmed that the difference in total counts was less than 10% in the thickness of the scintillator of 50 mm or more, which means optimized thickness for high efficiency gamma-ray detection such as radioactive 137Cs and 60CO. Finally, simulated results, along with experimental data, were discussed in this study. The results of this study can be used as basic data for optimizing the thickness of plastic scintillators using high atomic number elements for radiation detection and monitoring.

scholarly journals A Review of Nanomaterial Based Scintillators

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7701
Author(s):  
Sujung Min ◽  
Hara Kang ◽  
Bumkyung Seo ◽  
JaeHak Cheong ◽  
Changhyun Roh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Plastic Scintillator ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Photoelectric Effect ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Decay Times ◽  
Plastic Scintillators ◽  
Improved Performance

Recently, nanomaterial–based scintillators are newly emerging technologies for many research fields, including medical imaging, nuclear security, nuclear decommissioning, and astronomical applications, among others. To date, scintillators have played pivotal roles in the development of modern science and technology. Among them, plastic scintillators have a low atomic number and are mainly used for beta–ray measurements owing to their low density, but these types of scintillators can be manufactured not in large sizes but also in various forms with distinct properties and characteristics. However, the plastic scintillator is mainly composed of C, H, O and N, implying that the probability of a photoelectric effect is low. In a gamma–ray nuclide analysis, they are used for time–related measurements given their short luminescence decay times. Generally, inorganic scintillators have relatively good scintillation efficiency rates and resolutions. And there are thus widely used in gamma–ray spectroscopy. Therefore, developing a plastic scintillator with performance capabilities similar to those of an inorganic scintillator would mean that it could be used for detection and monitoring at radiological sites. Many studies have reported improved performance outcomes of plastic scintillators based on nanomaterials, exhibiting high–performance plastic scintillators or flexible film scintillators using graphene, perovskite, and 2D materials. Furthermore, numerous fabrication methods that improve the performance through the doping of nanomaterials on the surface have been introduced. Herein, we provide an in–depth review of the findings pertaining to nanomaterial–based scintillators to gain a better understanding of radiological detection technological applications.

scholarly journals Determination of carbonyl compounds (acetaldehyde and formaldehyde) in polyethylene terephthalate containers designated for water conservation

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azra Redzepovic ◽  
Marijana Acanski ◽  
Djura Vujic ◽  
Vera Lazic
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Packaging Material ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
High Degree ◽  
And Storage

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has in the last several years become the main packaging material for many food products, particularly carbonated beverages and bottled water, as well as for products of chemical industry (packaging of various hygiene maintenance agents, pesticides, solvents, etc.). The strength and permeability properties of PET are very good for packaging of beverages, its resistance to chemicals is high and it has a high degree of transparency. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are formed during the thermoforming of PET containers. After cooling, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde remain trapped in the walls of a PET bottle and may migrate into the water after filling and storage. Since there are no migration tests in Serbia prescribed for the determination of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, the purpose of the paper is to test the quantitative contents of carbonyl compounds (acetaldehyde and formaldehyde) in PET containers of different volumes, made by various manufacturers of bottled mineral carbonated and noncarbonated water, and exposed to different temperatures. In this study, the migration of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde from PET bottles into mineral carbonated and noncarbonated water was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Taking into consideration that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde have no UV active or fluorescent group, the chromatography shall be preceded by derivatization in a closed system (due to a low boiling point of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde), which shall transform carbonyl compounds into UV active compounds.

Progress Towards Arrays of Microcalorimeter X-Ray Detectors

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1050-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.W. Nam ◽  
D.A. Wollman ◽  
Dale E. Newbury ◽  
G.C. Hilton ◽  
K.D. Irwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Small Area ◽  
High Performance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pixel Array ◽  
Primary Advantage ◽  
Low X ◽  
Single Pixel

The high performance of single-pixel microcalorimeter EDS (μ,cal EDS) has been shown to be very useful for a variety of microanalysis cases. The primary advantage of jxcal EDS over conventional EDS is the factor of 25 improvement in energy resolution (∽3 eV in real-time). This level of energy resolution is particularly important for applications such as nanoscale contaminant analysis where it is necessary to resolve peak overlaps at low x-ray energies. Because μcal EDS offers practical solutions to many microanalysis problems, several companies are proceeding with commercialization of single-pixel μal EDS technology. Two drawbacks limiting the application of uxal EDS are its low count rate (∽500 s−1) and small area (∽0.04 mm for a bare single pixel, ∽5 mm2 with a polycapillary optic). We are developing a 32x32 pixel array with a total area of 40 mm2 and with a total count rate between 105 s−1 and 106 s−1.

scholarly journals A novel range telescope concept for proton CT

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Granado-González ◽  
César Jesús-Valls ◽  
Thorsten Lux ◽  
Tony Price ◽  
Federico Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Proton Beam ◽  
Energy Resolution ◽  
Plastic Scintillator ◽  
Proton Beam Therapy ◽  
Stopping Power ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Proton Computed Tomography ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Abstract Proton beam therapy can potentially offer improved treatment for cancers of the head and neck and in paediatric patients. There has been asharp uptake of proton beam therapy in recent years as improved delivery techniques and patient benefits are observed. However, treatments are currently planned using conventional x-ray CT images due to the absence of devices able to perform high quality proton computed tomography(pCT) under realistic clinical conditions. A new plastic-scintillator-based range telescope concept, named ASTRA, is proposed here to measure the proton’s energy loss in a pCT system. Simulations conducted using GEANT4 yield an expected energy resolution of 0.7%. If calorimetric information is used the energy resolution could be further improved to about 0.5%. In addition, the ability of ASTRA to track multiple protons simultaneously is presented. Due to its fast components, ASTRA is expected to reach unprecedented data collection rates, similar to 10^8 protons/s.The performance of ASTRA has also been tested by simulating the imaging of phantoms. The results show excellent image contrast and relative stopping power reconstruction.

Improvement of glued-in-rod joint system using compressed wooden dowel

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiho Jung ◽  
Satoru Murakami ◽  
Akihisa Kitamori ◽  
Wen-Shao Chang ◽  
Kohei Komatsu
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Shear Tests ◽  
Joint System ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Wooden Dowel ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Compressed Wood ◽  
Insertion Length

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop eco-friendly and high-performance glued-in-rod (GIR) joints using compressed wood (CW), which has higher tensile strength than normal hardwood, instead of conventional wooden dowels. To explore the bonding performance of the dowel and base material, punching shear tests were performed and relationships were established between the density of CW dowel and punching characteristics. Pull-out tests of GIR joints were performed and results were compared with those derived from a mechanical model to evaluate the influence of insertion length of dowel and to define its optimized length. The results indicate that CW dowel has almost the same bonding performance in the density range 330–1000 kg m-3. Hence, CW as a dowel material in GIR joints has a high application potential. Pull-out tests of GIR joints showed that the insertion length of dowel in GIR joints with the CW-67 dowel is the best if the length is 10 times larger than its diameter. In addition to its satisfactory bonding performance, CW dowels have excellent tensile characteristics.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Various Scintillator Materials in Radiation Detector Design for Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Siwei Xie ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Yibin Zhang ◽  
Gaoyang Ying ◽  
Qiu Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Radiation Detector ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Light Output ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Timing Resolution ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Co Doped

The performance of radiation detectors used in positron-emission tomography (PET) is determined by the intrinsic properties of the scintillators, the geometry and surface treatment of the scintillator crystals and the electrical and optical characteristics of the photosensors. Experimental studies were performed to assess the timing resolution and energy resolution of detectors constructed with samples of different scintillator materials (LaBr3, CeBr3, LFS, LSO, LYSO: Ce, Ca and GAGG) that were fabricated into different shapes with various surface treatments. The saturation correction of SiPMs was applied for tested detectors based on a Tracepro simulation. Overall, we tested 28 pairs of different forms of scintillators to determine the one with the best CTR and light output. Two common high-performance silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) provided by SensL (J-series, 6 mm) or AdvanSiD (NUV, 6 mm) were used for photodetectors. The PET detector constructed with 6 mm CeBr3 cubes achieved the best CTR with a FWHM of 74 ps. The 4 mm co-doped LYSO: Ce, Ca pyramid crystals achieved 88.1 ps FWHM CTR. The 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm 0.2% Ce, 0.1% Ca co-doped LYSO cubes achieved 95.6 ps, 106 ps and 129 ps FWHM CTR, respectively. The scintillator crystals with unpolished surfaces had better timing than those with polished surfaces. The timing resolution was also improved by using certain geometric factors, such as a pyramid shape, to improve light transportation in the scintillator crystals.

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