scholarly journals Anomalous strain energy transformation pathways in mechanical metamaterials

2019 ◽  
Vol 475 (2226) ◽  
pp. 20190041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard G. Karpov ◽  
Larry A. Danso ◽  
John T. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Strain Energy ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Surface Load ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Spectral Entropy ◽  
Mechanical Responses ◽  
Simple Lattice ◽  
Lattice Materials ◽  
Mechanical Metamaterials

This discussion starts with a mechanics version of Parseval's energy theorem applicable to any discrete lattice material with periodic internal structure: a microtruss, grid, frame, origami or tessellation. It provides a simple relationship between the strain energy volumetric/usual and spectral distributions in the reciprocal space. The spectral energy distribution leads directly to a spectral entropy of lattice deformation (Shannon's type), whose variance with a material coordinate represents the decrease of information about surface loads in the material interior. Spectral entropy is also a basic measure of complexity of mechanical responses of metamaterials to surface and body loads. Considering transformation of the energy volumetric and spectral distributions with a material coordinate pointed away from a surface load, several interesting anomalies are seen even for simple lattice materials, when compared to continuum materials. These anomalies include selective filtering of surface Raleigh waves (sinusoidal pressure patterns), Saint–Venant effect inversion illustrated by energy spectral distribution contours, occurrence of ‘hiding pockets’ of low deformation, and redirection of strain energy maximum away from axis of a concentrated surface load. The latter phenomenon can be significant for impact protection applications of mechanical metamaterials.

scholarly journals The Crab nebula variability at short time-scales with the Cherenkov telescope array

2020 ◽  
Vol 501 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-346
Author(s):  
E Mestre ◽  
E de Oña Wilhelmi ◽  
D Khangulyan ◽  
R Zanin ◽  
F Acero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Crab Nebula ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Telescope Array ◽  
Cherenkov Telescopes ◽  
Cherenkov Telescope ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Crab Nebula

ABSTRACT Since 2009, several rapid and bright flares have been observed at high energies (>100 MeV) from the direction of the Crab nebula. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain this phenomenon, but the origin is still unclear. The detection of counterparts at higher energies with the next generation of Cherenkov telescopes will be determinant to constrain the underlying emission mechanisms. We aim at studying the capability of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) to explore the physics behind the flares, by performing simulations of the Crab nebula spectral energy distribution, both in flaring and steady state, for different parameters related to the physical conditions in the nebula. In particular, we explore the data recorded by Fermi during two particular flares that occurred in 2011 and 2013. The expected GeV and TeV gamma-ray emission is derived using different radiation models. The resulting emission is convoluted with the CTA response and tested for detection, obtaining an exclusion region for the space of parameters that rule the different flare emission models. Our simulations show different scenarios that may be favourable for achieving the detection of the flares in Crab with CTA, in different regimes of energy. In particular, we find that observations with low sub-100 GeV energy threshold telescopes could provide the most model-constraining results.

scholarly journals The effects of star formation history in the SFR–M* relation of H ii galaxies

2020 ◽  
Vol 500 (3) ◽  
pp. 3240-3253
Author(s):  
Amanda R Lopes ◽  
Eduardo Telles ◽  
Jorge Melnick
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Star Formation History ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Distribution Fitting ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Star Formation Histories

ABSTRACT We discuss the implications of assuming different star formation histories (SFH) in the relation between star formation rate (SFR) and mass derived by the spectral energy distribution fitting (SED). Our analysis focuses on a sample of H ii galaxies, dwarf starburst galaxies spectroscopically selected through their strong narrow emission lines in SDSS DR13 at z < 0.4, cross-matched with photometric catalogues from GALEX, SDSS, UKIDSS, and WISE. We modelled and fitted the SEDs with the code CIGALE adopting different descriptions of SFH. By adding information from different independent studies, we find that H ii galaxies are best described by episodic SFHs including an old (10 Gyr), an intermediate age (100−1000 Myr) and a recent population with ages < 10 Myr. H ii galaxies agree with the SFR−M* relation from local star-forming galaxies, and only lie above such relation when the current SFR is adopted as opposed to the average over the entire SFH. The SFR−M* demonstrated not to be a good tool to provide additional information about the SFH of H ii galaxies, as different SFH present a similar behaviour with a spread of <0.1 dex.

scholarly journals Extinction-free Census of AGNs in the AKARI/IRC North Ecliptic Pole Field from 23-band infrared photometry from Space Telescopes

2020 ◽  
Vol 499 (3) ◽  
pp. 4068-4081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Wen Wang ◽  
Tomotsugu Goto ◽  
Seong Jin Kim ◽  
Tetsuya Hashimoto ◽  
Denis Burgarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Cosmic Time ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Space Telescopes ◽  
Distribution Modelling ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
The North ◽  
Band Filter ◽  
Infrared Survey

ABSTRACT In order to understand the interaction between the central black hole and the whole galaxy or their co-evolution history along with cosmic time, a complete census of active galactic nucleus (AGN) is crucial. However, AGNs are often missed in optical, UV, and soft X-ray observations since they could be obscured by gas and dust. A mid-infrared (MIR) survey supported by multiwavelength data is one of the best ways to find obscured AGN activities because it suffers less from extinction. Previous large IR photometric surveys, e.g. Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer and Spitzer, have gaps between the MIR filters. Therefore, star-forming galaxy-AGN diagnostics in the MIR were limited. The AKARI satellite has a unique continuous nine-band filter coverage in the near to MIR wavelengths. In this work, we take advantage of the state-of-the-art spectral energy distribution modelling software, cigale, to find AGNs in MIR. We found 126 AGNs in the North Ecliptic Pole-Wide field with this method. We also investigate the energy released from the AGN as a fraction of the total IR luminosity of a galaxy. We found that the AGN contribution is larger at higher redshifts for a given IR luminosity. With the upcoming deep IR surveys, e.g. JWST, we expect to find more AGNs with our method.

scholarly journals Accretion and Outflow Activity in the Earliest Phases of Star-Formation: CO, Sub-mm Continuum, and Near-Infrared Observations

1997 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 725-726
Author(s):  
K.-W. Hodapp ◽  
E. F. Ladd
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Infrared Observations ◽  
Circumstellar Material ◽  
Dense Cores ◽  
Wavelength Radiation ◽  
Main Component

Stars in the earliest phases of their formation, i.e., those accreting the main component of their final mass, are deeply embedded within dense cores of dust and molecular material. Because of the high line-of-sight extinction and the large amount of circumstellar material, stellar emission is reprocessed by dust into long wavelength radiation, typically in the far-infrared and sub-millimeter bands. Consequently, the youngest sources are strong submillimeter continuum sources, and often undetectable as point sources in the near-infrared and optical. The most deeply embedded of these sources have been labelled “Class 0” sources by André, Ward-Thompson, & Barsony (1994), in an extension of the spectral energy distribution classification scheme first proposed by Adams, Lada, & Shu (1987).

scholarly journals The stellar mass assembly of low-redshift, massive, central galaxies in SDSS and the TNG300 simulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 497 (4) ◽  
pp. 4262-4275
Author(s):  
Thomas M Jackson ◽  
A Pasquali ◽  
C Pacifici ◽  
C Engler ◽  
A Pillepich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Distribution Fitting ◽  
Stellar Ages ◽  
Mass Assembly ◽  
Galaxy Assembly ◽  
The Times ◽  
Stellar Masses ◽  
Kinetic Mode

ABSTRACT The stellar mass assembly of galaxies can be affected by both secular and environmental processes. In this study, for the first time, we investigate the stellar mass assembly of $\sim 90\, 000$ low-redshift, central galaxies selected from SDSS group catalogues ($M_{\rm Stellar}\gtrsim 10^{9.5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, $M_{\rm Halo}\gtrsim 10^{12}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) as a function of both stellar mass and halo mass. We use estimates of the times at which 10, 50, and 90 per cent of the stellar mass were assembled from photometric spectral energy distribution fitting, allowing a more complete investigation than single stellar ages alone. We consider trends in both stellar mass and halo mass simultaneously, finding dependences of all assembly times on both. We find that galaxies with higher stellar masses (at constant halo mass) have on average older lookback times, similar to previous studies of galaxy assembly. We also find that galaxies at higher halo mass (at constant stellar mass) have younger lookback times, possibly due to a larger reservoir of gas for star formation. An exception to this is a subsample with high stellar-to-halo mass ratios, which are likely massive, field spirals. We compare these observed trends to those predicted by the TNG300 simulation, finding good agreement overall as a function of either stellar mass or halo mass. However, some differences in the assembly times (of up to ∼3 Gyr) appear when considering both stellar mass and halo mass simultaneously, noticeably at intermediate stellar masses (MStellar ∼ 1011 M⊙). These discrepancies are possibly linked to the quenched fraction of galaxies and the kinetic mode active galactic nucleus feedback implemented in TNG300.

scholarly journals CCD photometry and spectroscopy of 14 IRAS sources having far-IR colours similar to Planetary Nebulae

1997 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 365-365
Author(s):  
B. E. Reddy ◽  
M. Parthasarathy
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Planetary Nebulae ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Galactic Latitude ◽  
Ccd Photometry ◽  
Ccd Imaging ◽  
Evolved Stars ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Intense Mass ◽  
Low Mass

CCD imaging and BVRI photometry of 14 IRAS sources with far-IR colours similar to planetary nebulae and post-AGB stars are presented. Also results of optical and near-IR spectroscopy of 10 of these candidates are given. Based on the spectral energy distribution from 0.4 μm to 100 μm, the sample of program stars are put into two groups. The sources IRAS 08187-1905, IRAS 05238-0626 and IRAS 17086-2403 present similar flux distributions. These three sources have detached cold dust components with dust radii Rd ≈ 1000 R∗. The low infrared variability of theses sources suggests that the intense mass loss has been ceased. All three sources are at high galactic latitude (1>9°) suggesting that these are old low-mass evolved stars. In the IRAS colour-colour diagram of Likkel et al (1991) these sources fall in the region where most of the stars are evolved stars and PNe but without CO detection. This is consistent with at least one source IRAS 17086-2403, in which OH and CO molecular features are not detected. The far-IR excess, non-variability and high latitude of these objects suggest that these are post-AGB supergiants, slowly evolving towards planetary nebula phase.

scholarly journals Influence of Microlensing on Spectral Anomalies of the Lensed Objects

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Simić ◽  
L. Č. Popović ◽  
P. Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Angular Size ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Spectral Energy

AbstractHere we consider the influence of microlensing on the spectrum of a lensed object with the angular size 5 μas accepting that the composite emission of this object originates from three different regions arranged around its center. We assume that the lensed object has three concentric regions with a black-body emission; the temperatures of these regions are 10 000 K, 7500 K and 5000 K. We investigate how the integral spectral energy distribution (SED) of such stratified source changes due to microlensing by a group of solarmass stars. We find that the SED and flux ratios in the photometric B, V and R passbands show considerable changes during a microlens event. This indicates that the flux anomaly observed in some lensed quasars may be caused by microlensing of a stratified object.

scholarly journals The empirical Gaia G-band extinction coefficient

2018 ◽  
Vol 614 ◽  
pp. A19 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Danielski ◽  
C. Babusiaux ◽  
L. Ruiz-Dern ◽  
P. Sartoretti ◽  
F. Arenou
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Spectral Energy Distribution ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Red Giants ◽  
Main Sequence Stars ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Data Release

Context. The first Gaia data release unlocked the access to photometric information for 1.1 billion sources in the G-band. Yet, given the high level of degeneracy between extinction and spectral energy distribution for large passbands such as the Gaia G-band, a correction for the interstellar reddening is needed in order to exploit Gaia data. Aims. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide the empirical estimation of the Gaia G-band extinction coefficient kG for both the red giants and main sequence stars in order to be able to exploit the first data release DR1. Methods. We selected two samples of single stars: one for the red giants and one for the main sequence. Both samples are the result of a cross-match between Gaia DR1 and 2MASS catalogues; they consist of high-quality photometry in the G-, J- and KS-bands. These samples were complemented by temperature and metallicity information retrieved from APOGEE DR13 and LAMOST DR2 surveys, respectively. We implemented a Markov chain Monte Carlo method where we used (G – KS)0 versus Teff and (J – KS)0 versus (G – KS)0, calibration relations to estimate the extinction coefficient kG and we quantify its corresponding confidence interval via bootstrap resampling. We tested our method on samples of red giants and main sequence stars, finding consistent solutions. Results. We present here the determination of the Gaia extinction coefficient through a completely empirical method. Furthermore we provide the scientific community with a formula for measuring the extinction coefficient as a function of stellar effective temperature, the intrinsic colour (G – KS)0, and absorption.

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