Intersexuality in Lymantria dispar (L.). A reassessment

1980 ◽  
Vol 206 (1165) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Geographical Race ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
Female Determinant

R. Goldschmidt worked on intersexuality in the Lepidoptera for many years up to 1934 and the moth Lymantria dispar was his chief experi­mental material. According to him, an intersexual insect develops for a time as one sex and then changes to the other, though the chromosomal sex remains that of the original zygote. If the change takes place early enough in development, e. g. at the formation of the gonads, the whole insect appears to be sexually converted, whereas, if it occurs later, only those structures formed towards the end of development, e. g. the wings, will be affected. Goldschmidt held that, within races, a fixed dosage of female determinant, carried maternally in the cytoplasm or in the Y chromosome and elaborated into the cytoplasm, outweighs the effect of a single dose of male determinant carried in one X chromosome in the heterogametic sex, here the female. In the homogametic sex the double dose of X chromo­somes is balanced against the single dose of female determinant received from the female parent, and results in a male. Moreover, a certain min­imum excess in either direction is required for normal sex determination. He held that, while the relative values of the sex determinants always conform to this plan, their absolute values may differ from one geographical race to another. Consequently, intersexuality due to lack of correct balance between the sex determinants may arise in different ratios when distinct races are crossed. Its degree and type, whether male converted towards female or the reverse, are controlled by the races and sexes used. Since sex abnormalities have appeared, but only sporadically, in more recent genetic work involving race crosses in mimetic butterflies, we decided to reassess Goldschmidt’s results. On repeating those of his crosses that he regarded as the most funda­mental, between German and Japanese material, we bred a number of intersexes, but there were marked discrepancies between his and our overall findings. The matter is discussed and it is shown that the accuracy of the Goldschmidt hypothesis can now be tested in much more detail by using the heterochromatin body in the larva as a prospective marker of chromosomal sex in the adult.

XIV.—The Genetical and Mechanical Properties of the Sex Chromosome. VI. Hexacentrus mundus

1940 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
P. C. Koller
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Meiotic Division ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Heterogametic Sex

Cytological studies carried out by McClung (1905, 1914) on various species of Orthoptera have shown that the male is the heterogametic sex. The male has only one X-chromosome, whereas the female has two. During spermatogenesis two kinds of gametes are produced, one with the X-chromosome and the other without it. It was also found that the segregation of the single sex chromosome takes place at first meiotic anaphase. The present paper describes the sex chromosome of the male Hexacentrus mundus Walker, from India. During the meiotic division this chromosome exhibits peculiarities which it is believed have not hitherto been seen in any species of the Orthopteræ.

scholarly journals AL-QUR'AN DAN MATERIAL GENETIK DALAM SEL KELAMIN PRIA PENENTU JENIS KELAMIN BAYI

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-162
Author(s):  
Bayyinatul Muchtaromah
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female

In many verses of al-Qur'an, men are called to pay their attention to understand how they were created. Human creation and incredible aspects followed were strongly mentioned in many verses in detail until it's impossible for anyone who lived in the seventh century to recognize it. One of them was the information saying that the determinant of baby gender is the spermatozoa coming from men sperm. Allah said in his verse: "and that He (Allah) creates in pairs, male and female. From Nutfah (drops of semen male and female discharge) when it is emitted" (translation of al-Qur'an 53 verse 45-46). Branches of knowledge which have developed, such as Genetics and Molecular Biology, have proved scientifically the information accuracy which has been given by al-Qur'an. Nowadays it has been well-known that sex determination is determined by sperm of man and in fact women play no roles in this determination. If the ovum fuses with sperm which carries Y chromosome than the baby will be born as a male. Conversely, if the sperm carries X chromosome than the baby will be a female. In the other word, the sex of the baby is determined by the kind of man's sperm chromosome which fuses with women's ovum.

scholarly journals The Effect of Hybridization on Dosage Compensation in Member Species of the Anopheles gambiae Species Complex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Deitz ◽  
Willem Takken ◽  
Michel A. Slotman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Chromosome Gene ◽  
Heterogametic Sex

AbstractDosage compensation has evolved in concert with Y-chromosome degeneration in many taxa that exhibit heterogametic sex chromosomes. Dosage compensation overcomes the biological challenge of a "half dose" of X chromosome gene transcripts in the heterogametic sex. The need to equalize gene expression of a hemizygous X with that of autosomes arises from the fact that the X chromosomes retain hundreds of functional genes that are actively transcribed in both sexes and interact with genes expressed on the autosomes. Sex determination and heterogametic sex chromosomes have evolved multiple times in Diptera, and in each case the genetic control of dosage compensation is tightly linked to sex determination. In the Anopheles gambiae species complex (Culicidae), maleness is conferred by the Y-chromosome gene Yob, which despite its conserved role between species is polymorphic in its copy number between them. Previous work demonstrated that male An. gambiae s.s. males exhibit complete dosage compensation in pupal and adult stages. In the present study we have extended this analysis to three sister species in the An. gambiae complex: An. coluzzii, An. arabiensis, and An. quadriannulatus. In addition, we analyzed dosage compensation in bi-directional F1 hybrids between these species to determine if hybridization results in the mis-regulation and disruption of dosage compensation. Our results confirm that dosage compensation operates in the An. gambiae species complex through the hyper-transcription of the male X chromosome. Additionally, dosage compensation in hybrid males does not differ from parental males, indicating that hybridization does not result in the mis-regulation of dosage compensation.

scholarly journals The dpy-30 gene encodes an essential component of the Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation machinery.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 999-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D R Hsu ◽  
B J Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
General Role ◽  
Essential Component

Abstract The need to regulate X chromosome expression in Caenorhabditis elegans arises as a consequence of the primary sex-determining signal, the X/A ratio (the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes), which directs 1X@A animals to develop as males and 2X/2A animals to develop as hermaphrodites. C. elegans possesses a dosage compensation mechanism that equalizes X chromosome expression between the two sexes despite their disparity in X chromosome dosage. Previous genetic analysis led to the identification of four autosomal genes, dpy-21, dpy-26, dpy-27 and dpy-28, whose products are essential in XX animals for proper dosage compensation, but not for sex determination. We report the identification and characterization of dpy-30, an essential component of the dosage compensation machinery. Putative null mutations in dpy-30 disrupt dosage compensation and cause a severe maternal-effect, XX-specific lethality. Rare survivors of the dpy-30 lethality are dumpy and express their X-linked genes at higher than wild-type levels. These dpy-30 mutant phenotypes superficially resemble those caused by mutations in dpy-26, dpy-27 and dpy-28; however, detailed phenotypic analysis reveals important differences that distinguish dpy-30 from these genes. In contrast to the XX-specific lethality caused by mutations in the other dpy genes, the XX-specific lethality caused by dpy-30 mutations is completely penetrant and temperature sensitive. In addition, unlike the other genes, dpy-30 is required for the normal development of XO animals. Although dpy-30 mutations do not significantly affect the viability of XO animals, they do cause them to be developmentally delayed and to possess numerous morphological and behavioral abnormalities. Finally, dpy-30 mutations can dramatically influence the choice of sexual fate in animals with an ambiguous sexual identity, despite having no apparent effect on the sexual phenotype of otherwise wild-type animals. Paradoxically, depending on the genetic background, dpy-30 mutations cause either masculinization or feminization, thus revealing the complex regulatory relationship between the sex determination and dosage compensation processes. The novel phenotypes caused by dpy-30 mutations suggest that in addition to acting in the dosage compensation process, dpy-30 may play a more general role in the development of both XX and XO animals.

More about the tabby mouse and about the Lyon hypothesis

Development ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-590
Author(s):  
Hans Grüneberg
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Inactive X Chromosome ◽  
Lyon Hypothesis ◽  
Mammalian Female

Autosomal genes are present in duplicate in the body cells of both sexes. Genes carried in the X-chromosome are present in double dose in the mammalian female, but only in single dose in the mammalian male. Despite this disparity in gene dosage, the phenotypic effects of such genes are generally the same in homozygous and in hemizygous condition. To bring about this situation, some kind of ‘dosage compensation’ is required. A possible mechanism of dosage compensation in mammals which has been widely discussed in recent years is the ‘inactive-X-chromosome’ or ‘single-active X-chromosome’ hypothesis. As originally put forward by Lyon (1961, 1962), this postulates that during embryonic development, either the maternal or the paternal X-chromosome of the female is inactivated. Inactivation happens at random and is irreversible; it thus persists in the descendants of the cell in which it has occurred.

Efficacies of vaccines against canine hookworm disease

Parasitology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Vinayak ◽  
N. K. Gupta ◽  
A. K. Chopra ◽  
G. L. Sharma ◽  
Asha Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Hookworm Infection ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Maximum Protection

SUMMARYThree types of vaccine (1) a sonicated extract of killed larvae, (2) 5-fluorouracil-treated larvae and (3) 40 krad. X-irradiated larvae have been evaluated. Pups aged 3–4 months, weighing 2± 0·5 kg and free of natural hookworm infection were selected for experimental studies. The sonicated extract was given either in a single dose or as 2 doses at weekly intervals, whereas the 5-fluorouracil-treated and X-irradiated larvae were given in a single dose only. After completion of the vaccination schedule, the pups were challenged with filariform larvae and were sacrificed 3 weeks after challenge. Non-vaccinated pups and those vaccinated with a single dose of sonicated extract lost weight and had diarrhoea or dysentery after challenge. Furthermore, in non-vaccinated pups, haemoglobin levels fell and at autopsy the intestinal mucosa was found to be grossly congested and free blood was present in the lumen of the intestine. Such findings were not obtained in pups vaccinated with the other types of vaccines. The percentage of infective larvae which developed to the adult stage in non-vaccinated pups was 82·7 ± 9·53 compared with 45·1 ± 12·33, 30·1 ± 10·05, 20·6 ± 10·60 and 8·0 ± 7·46 %, respectively in pups vaccinated with a single dose of sonicated extract, double dose of sonicated extract, 5- fluorouracil-treated and 40 krad. X-irradiated larval vaccines. While the irradiated larval vaccine provided maximum protection against clinical ancylostomiasis, 2 doses of the sonicated larval vaccine could also afford almost equal protection to pups.

scholarly journals Methotrexate in Unruptured Ectopic Pregnancy: Comparing the Single- and Double-dose Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nazli Navali ◽  
Nasim Jabbari Asl ◽  
Sanaz Moosavi
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Dose Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Β Hcg

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) poses a great threat to pregnant women, and in case of misdiagnosis could lead to catastrophic death of the patients. EP patients tend to be treated with surgical or non-surgical treatments. One of the most common therapies in managing EP is Methotrexate (MTX), which the efficacy of its single- and double-dose treatments will be evaluated in this study. Methods: One-hundred and twenty patients with EP, diagnosed in AL-Zahra hospital in Tabriz, Iran, were involved in the study and were divided, randomly, into two groups of 60 (though 4 of the patients in the second group left the study due to discontent, afterwards). For the first group 50 milligrams (mg) of intramuscular (IM) single-dose MTX was prescribed, while for the second group two doses of 50 mg IM MTX were prescribed. The levels of β-hCG were evaluated before the treatment, in the fourth and seventh days, and second and fourth weeks after the treatment. In addition, sonographic findings, clinical symptoms before the treatment, and side effects after treatment were recorded. Results: Success rate for the single-dose group was 85%, while for the double-dose group was 94.6%. However, there was no statistically significant difference between two groups. In addition, there were no significant relations between 2 groups in endometrial thickness, presence of abdominal free fluid and gestational age with the success rate. Regardless, the initial level of β-hCG was an indicator of treatment success rate. In patients with double-dose MTX, required period of time for β-hCG levels to reduce down to zero was significantly lower than the other group. Cut-off point for success rate with single-dose MTX was 3350, with the sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 76.5% and for the other group it was 3894.5, with the sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 71.7%. Conclusion: No significant difference was observed between single- and double-dose MTX groups in treating EP. The initial levels of β-hCG and mass size were the only factors to predict the treatment success rate. Double-dose regimen lowered β-hCG down to zero earlier than single-dose. Based on Cut-off points, while the initial β-hCG level was below 3350, single-dose treatment was efficient, whereas, between 3350 and 3894.5, double-dose treatment

scholarly journals Identification of a male determinant on the X chromosome of housefly (Musca domestica L.) populations in South-East England

1983 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Denholm ◽  
M. G. Franco ◽  
P. G. Rubini ◽  
M. Vecchi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Secondary Constriction ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Chromosome X ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
South East England ◽  
Female Determinant ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
Determination Mechanism

SUMMARYHouseflies collected from eight pig-breeding farms were used to investigate the nature of sex determinants in fly populations of South-East England. Earlier observations had shown that their sex determination mechanism was not of the standard (XX females, XY males) type.Most flies of both sexes were XX; the male determining Y chromosome of standard populations was rare. Test-crosses to females of standard multimarked strains and crosses using aneuploid (OX) flies identified two dominant male determinants, one on autosome 3 (M III) and another on the X chromosome (Xm), and provided the first demonstration in this species of an active involvement of the X chromosome in sex determination. A small secondary constriction on X appeared to indicate reliably the presence of Xm. Most individuals in field populations were Xm homozygotes, implying the presence of an unlocated female determinant F,† epistatic to Xm and M III.M III was less common and differed in frequency between samples. Its increased frequency in a strain selected in the laboratory with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin might be due either to genetic drift, or to linkage between M III and a gene on autosome 3 that confers resistance to pyrethroids in houseflies.

scholarly journals Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma Injection Effect on Knee Osteoarthritis in Elderly: Single Dose versus Double Dose Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Hassan Amir Us Saqlain ◽  
Syed Sajid Hussain ◽  
Niaz Hussain Keerio ◽  
Masood Ahmed Qureshi ◽  
Nuresh Kumar Valecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and compare between single and double dose regimens among patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis admitted to the orthopedic department of Al Qassimi Hospital Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Methods: 200 patients were allocated into two groups in this randomized clinical trial. Patients were chosen to participate in this study after an informed consent. The trial took place at the Al Qassimi Hospital Sharjah, United Arab Emirates from July 2019 to July 2020. All patients had knee osteoarthritis, half of them received single dose PRP (group A) and the other half received double dose PRP (group B). All patients were adults and older than 18 years of age. Patients were followed up using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). The follow up was done prior to the administration of PRP, at 1 month, 3 month and 6 months after administration. Data was analyzed using SPSS program. Ethical approval was gained from the hospital as well as from patients. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.5 ± 8.3 years. The study included 200 participants, among them, 60 were females and 140 were males. There was improvements in all parameters of WOMAC at 3 and 4 weeks following administration of PRP. The effect of PRP continued until 6 months of follow up with no differences between the two groups. Group A baseline WOMAC parameters (pain, stiffness, physical function and total score) mean score were 15.8, 6.24, 43.01 and 65.22 respectively. At the follow up, the mean scores were 4.73, 1.78, 13.88 and 19.56 respectively. This shows significant improvement. On the other hand, group B baseline mean scores were 16.31, 6.81, 40.89 and 64.77 respectively. At the final follow up of group B, the parameters mean scores were 4.40, 1.11, 13.64 and 20.27 respectively. Both groups were compared to each other and no benefit for the double dose over the single dose (P value, 0.66). Conclusion: Previous results suggests improvement in functionality in both groups of the trial. There was pain and stiffness relief among all patients. It is concluded that double dose has no additional effect to the single dose regimen.

EFFECT OF FEEDING ETHINYLOESTRADIOL FOR VARIOUS PERIODS BEFORE MATING ON REPRODUCTION IN THE HAMSTER

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-590
Author(s):  
B. K. Davis ◽  
I. Noske ◽  
M. C. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feeding Schedule ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

ABSTRACT Ethinyloestradiol (EO) fed for various periods before mating to female hamsters affected the timing of mating and pregnancy rate. Slight effects on ovulation, foetal-crown rump length and resorption may have occurred, but effects on implantation were not apparent among pregnant hamsters. The response observed depended upon the feeding schedule adopted: hamsters fed 2.5 mg EO in a single dose, on day 3 before mating, mated normally but had a significantly lower pregnancy rate; on the other hand, animals fed 2.5 mg EO (0.21 mg/day) over three oestrous cycles, days 14–3 before mating, showed variations in the time of mating but had an essentially normal pregnancy rate; and, a group of hamsters who received the same total amount of EO (0.63 mg/day) over one oestrous cycle, days 6–3 premating, showed untowards effects by the steroid on both the timing of mating and pregnancy rate. The implications of these results are considered in relation to fertility control.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document