The effect of behavioural arousal on the activity of hypothalamic neurons in unanaesthetized, freely moving rats and rabbits

1982 ◽  
Vol 214 (1195) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Extracellular Recordings ◽  
Modal Interval ◽  
Individual Mode ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Continuum

Experiments were carried out to investigate the relationship between levels of arousal and the temporal discharge pattern of hypothalamic neurons in unanaesthetized, unrestrained rats and rabbits. Extracellular recordings were taken from 22 hypothalamic neurons in animals that had been implanted previously with platinum microwire electrodes. Separate records of neuronal activity were taken from each neuron when the animal was at two extremes of arousal, sleep and alarm, and compared with an intermediate state of arousal, awake and relaxed. The extremes of arousal were defined by simple behavioural criteria, shown to coincide with specific patterns of electrocorticographic activity. Interval distributions were constructed from these records of neuronal activity. The modal interval, but not the frequency of discharge of these neurons, changed in a consistent manner with the level of arousal for all the neurons recorded. The modal interval was always short (9.59 ±1.2 ms (mean ± s.e.), n = 17) during sleep and longer when the animal was alarmed (57.15 ± 7.59 ms, n = 13). When the animals were awake and relaxed the modal interval was between those of sleep and alarm (27.5 ± 2.79 ms, n = 19). Scatter about an individual mode was greater in sleep than during alarm. It is suggested that the continuum of arousal from sleep to alarm is reflected by a continuously shifting modal interval for each hypothalamic neuron. This is essentially similar to reports on the effect of arousal on cortical neurons.

The relationship between hypothalamic paraventricular neuronal activity and behaviors in the freely moving rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. S68
Author(s):  
Ryoko Shibata ◽  
Taketoshi Ono ◽  
Kiyomi Nakamura ◽  
Ken-Ichiro Muramoto
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Gene regulatory networks controlling differentiation, survival, and diversification of hypothalamic Lhx6-expressing GABAergic neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Won Kim ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Zoe Qianyi Wang ◽  
Yi Stephanie Zhang ◽  
Abhijith Bathini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Cortical Interneuron ◽  
Tangential Migration ◽  
Innate Behaviors

AbstractGABAergic neurons of the hypothalamus regulate many innate behaviors, but little is known about the mechanisms that control their development. We previously identified hypothalamic neurons that express the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lhx6, a master regulator of cortical interneuron development, as sleep-promoting. In contrast to telencephalic interneurons, hypothalamic Lhx6 neurons do not undergo long-distance tangential migration and do not express cortical interneuronal markers such as Pvalb. Here, we show that Lhx6 is necessary for the survival of hypothalamic neurons. Dlx1/2, Nkx2-2, and Nkx2-1 are each required for specification of spatially distinct subsets of hypothalamic Lhx6 neurons, and that Nkx2-2+/Lhx6+ neurons of the zona incerta are responsive to sleep pressure. We further identify multiple neuropeptides that are enriched in spatially segregated subsets of hypothalamic Lhx6 neurons, and that are distinct from those seen in cortical neurons. These findings identify common and divergent molecular mechanisms by which Lhx6 controls the development of GABAergic neurons in the hypothalamus.

Children's Ability to Write Stories as a Function of Variation in Task, Age, and Developmental Level

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna Barenbaum ◽  
Phyllis Newcomer ◽  
Barbara Nodine
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Low Achievers ◽  
Developmental Level ◽  
Action Sequence ◽  
Writing Ability ◽  
Learning Capacity ◽  
Ability Groups ◽  
Written Compositions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Continuum

In this study of children's ability to write stories, written compositions were classified by means of a system consisting of the following categories: story, primitive story, action sequence, descriptive, and expressive. Three groups of children served as subjects: learning disabled, low achievers, and normal achievers in grades 3, 5 and 7. Findings permit conclusions pertaining to (a) the performance of the three ability groups; (b) the relationship between age / grade and writing ability; (c) the continuum of composition categories used; (d) composition consistency; and (e) effect of task on performance. Specifically, the percentages of the various composition categories varied according to subjects' age and learning capacity. Also, the structure of the writing tasks and the length of compositions produced by the subjects were found to relate to story category.

scholarly journals Neuronal activity enhances aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated gene expression and dioxin neurotoxicity in cortical neurons

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1415-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Hua Lin ◽  
Shu-Hui Juan ◽  
Chen Yu Wang ◽  
Yu-Yo Sun ◽  
Chih-Ming Chou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon

scholarly journals ApoE4 attenuates cortical neuronal activity and impairs memory in young apoE4 rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Har-Paz ◽  
Elor Arieli ◽  
Anan Moran
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Genetic Risk Factor ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Brain Functions

AbstractThe E4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, apoE4 may cause innate brain abnormalities before the appearance of AD related neuropathology. Understanding these primary dysfunctions is vital for early detection of AD and the development of therapeutic strategies for it. Recently we have shown impaired extra-hippocampal memory in young apoE4 mice – a deficit that was correlated with attenuated structural pre-synaptic plasticity in cortical and subcortical regions. Here we test the hypothesis that these early structural deficits impact learning via changes in basal and stimuli evoked neuronal activity. We recorded extracellular neuronal activity from the gustatory cortex (GC) of three-month-old humanized apoE4 and wildtype rats, before and after conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training. Despite normal sucrose drinking behavior before CTA, young apoE4 rats showed impaired CTA learning, consistent with our previous results in apoE4 mice. This behavioral deficit was correlated with decreased basal and taste-evoked firing rates in both putative excitatory and inhibitory GC neurons. Single neuron and ensemble analyses of taste coding demonstrated that apoE4 neurons could be used to correctly classify tastes, but were unable to undergo plasticity to support learning. Our results suggest that apoE4 impacts brain excitability and plasticity early in life and may act as an initiator for later AD pathologies.Significant statementThe ApoE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk-factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet the link between apoE4 and AD is still unclear. Recent molecular and in-vitro studies suggest that apoE4 interferes with normal brain functions decades before the development of its related AD neuropathology. Here we recorded the activity of cortical neurons from young apoE4 rats during extra-hippocampal learning to study early apoE4 neuronal activity abnormalities, and their effects over coding capacities. We show that apoE4 drastically reduces basal and stimuli-evoked cortical activity in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The apoE4-induced activity attenuation did not prevent coding of stimuli identity and valence, but impaired capacity to undergo activity changes to support learning. Our findings support the hypothesis that apoE4 interfere with normal neuronal plasticity early in life; a deficit that may lead to late-onset AD development.

scholarly journals Transcranial direct current stimulation alters functional network structure in humans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ruttorf ◽  
S. Kristensen ◽  
L.R. Schad ◽  
J. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Brain States ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Central Tool

AbstractTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is routinely used in basic and clinical research, but its efficacy has been challenged on a methodological and statistical basis recently. The arguments against tDCS derive from insufficient understanding of how this technique interacts with brain processes physiologically. Because of its potential as a central tool in neuroscience, it is important to clarify whether and how tDCS affects neuronal activity. Here, we investigate influences of offline tDCS on network architecture measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our results reveal a tDCS-induced reorganisation of a functionally-defined network that is dependent on whether we are exciting or inhibiting a node within this network, confirming in a functioning brain, and in a bias free and independent fashion that tDCS influences neuronal activity. Moreover, our results suggest that network-specific connectivity has an important role in defining the effects of tDCS and the relationship between brain states and behaviour.

scholarly journals High-speed volumetric imaging of neuronal activity in freely moving rodents

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Skocek ◽  
Tobias Nöbauer ◽  
Lukas Weilguny ◽  
Francisca Martínez Traub ◽  
Chuying Naomi Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Volumetric Imaging ◽  
Freely Moving

Satisfaction with democracy and social capital in Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Daskalopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Satisfaction With Democracy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
European Values ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Continuum

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how different types of social capital contribute to the satisfaction with democracy (SWD) in Greece. Understanding the relationship between different variants of social capital and SWD allows one to situate the Greek democracy in the continuum of democracy types, from primary to modern. Design/methodology/approach The study uses microdata extracted from the European Values Surveys of 2002-2010 and multivariate regression analysis. Findings The results are compatible with a conception of the Greek political organization as a civil virtue democracy. A change in the nature of the relationship is observed after the recent economic crisis in the country. Research limitations/implications The study contributes to the empirical knowledge regarding the relationship between different variants of social capital and SWD. Originality/value Using a typology approach, the micro-relationship between democracy and social capital is analyzed as embedded in a continuum of different democracy types. In addition, this is the first study that uses microdata to analyze the effect of social capital upon SWD in Greece. The results of the study provide valuable understanding of the social and institutional arrangements that might sustain Greece’s efforts to meet its overall developmental challenges.

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