scholarly journals Temporal mechanisms of multimodal binding

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1663) ◽  
pp. 1761-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Burr ◽  
Ottavia Silva ◽  
Guido Marco Cicchini ◽  
Martin S. Banks ◽  
Maria Concetta Morrone
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Temporal Perception ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Base Interval ◽  
Environmental Source ◽  
Sensory Mechanisms

The simultaneity of signals from different senses—such as vision and audition—is a useful cue for determining whether those signals arose from one environmental source or from more than one. To understand better the sensory mechanisms for assessing simultaneity, we measured the discrimination thresholds for time intervals marked by auditory, visual or auditory–visual stimuli, as a function of the base interval. For all conditions, both unimodal and cross-modal, the thresholds followed a characteristic ‘dipper function’ in which the lowest thresholds occurred when discriminating against a non-zero interval. The base interval yielding the lowest threshold was roughly equal to the threshold for discriminating asynchronous from synchronous presentations. Those lowest thresholds occurred at approximately 5, 15 and 75 ms for auditory, visual and auditory–visual stimuli, respectively. Thus, the mechanisms mediating performance with cross-modal stimuli are considerably slower than the mechanisms mediating performance within a particular sense. We developed a simple model with temporal filters of different time constants and showed that the model produces discrimination functions similar to the ones we observed in humans. Both for processing within a single sense, and for processing across senses, temporal perception is affected by the properties of temporal filters, the outputs of which are used to estimate time offsets, correlations between signals, and more.

Stratigraphic biases in the analysis of taxonomic survivorship

Paleobiology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. John Sepkoski
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Lognormal Distribution ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Survivorship Analysis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Incomplete Sampling ◽  
Biologic Factors

Taxonomic survivorship curves may reflect stratigraphic as well as biologic factors. The approximately lognormal distribution of lengths of Phanerozoic time intervals produces an error in the estimation of taxonomic durations that is also lognormally distributed. As demonstrated by several simulated examples, this error may cause concave taxonomic survivorship curves to appear linear, especially if the maximum durations involved are relatively short. The error of estimation also makes highly concave taxonomic survivorship curves virtually unrecognizable. Incomplete sampling of the fossil record, on the other hand, may not be a serious problem in survivorship analysis. Simulated paleontological sampling employing a simple model suggests that survivorship curves tend to retain their original shapes even when as few as 20% of the taxa have been discovered. However, concave taxonomic survivorship curves tend to lose their concavity as efficiency of sampling declines.

Modality-Specific Effects on Discrimination of Short Empty Time Intervals

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraga Hocherman ◽  
Gita Ben-Dov
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Empty Time

The ability of human subjects to judge the duration of short empty time intervals was studied in relation to the modality composition of the marker signals. Ac each trial, a pair of empty intervals was presented by a series of three successive stimuli, and the subject was asked to point out the longer interval of the two. Tone pips and flashes of light were used as the bounding signals. All the possible combinations of auditory and visual stimuli were used, in random order, to delimit pairs of intervals. Performance was found modality-independent when the first two stimuli were of the same modality. Strong response biases were introduced by varying the modality of the first or the second stimulus. Analysis of these biases indicates that memorization of the empty time intervals is affected by the modality of the binding signals.

scholarly journals Study on empathetic-pain perception in brain induced by three levels of empathetic-pain perception stimuli

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4-2) ◽  
pp. 457-463
Author(s):  
Siti Norhayati Md Yassin ◽  
Nugraha Priya Utama ◽  
Maheza Irna Mohamad Salim
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Time Frequency

Empathetic-pain perception is a divergence from empathy which is a pain perceived as a reflection of perception from others.  The study of empathetic-pain perception and empathy were always related with psychological disorder effecting social and humanity values.  The process involved in empathetic-pain perception formations in brain were believed to be different if induced by different level of empathetic-pain perception stimuli.  Therefore, this paper was aimed to study the processes involved in empathetic-pain perception formation by revealing the activation-time intervals and source location of the highest empathetic-pain perception intensity.  This study conducted an experiment to induce empathetic-pain perception on 16 participants using still pictures as visual-stimuli.  Electroencephalograph (EEG) recorded brain signal of the participants during the visual-stimuli presentations while the EEG signal were analysed using MATLAB® toolbox, EEGLAB.  Time/frequency decomposition in EEGLAB produces ERSP images which determines the activation-time intervals for empathetic-pain perception and, by performing source localization within the activation-time intervals using sLORETA, the source locations for most active processes in empathetic-pain perception were determined.  The processes involved in empathetic-pain perception formation in every level were ‘stimuli-learning’ and ‘memory-reconstructions’ by Posterior Cingulate BA 30, pain-regulation by either Postcentral Gyrus BA 2, Cingulate Gyrus BA 24 or both, and visual-stimuli and visual-memory processing by Lingual Gyrus at almost similar time intervals.  However, the processes were also performed by various brain areas to either perform attention-sustain process while managed working memory and self-control regulation by Middle Frontal Gyrus BA 46, mirror-neurons activation while processed attention information and emotions by Inferior Parietal Lobule BA 40, multisensory integration by Superior Temporal Gyrus BA 22, or motor-neurons activation to control the skeletal system respectively in every level by Paracentral Lobule BA 6 and Precentral Gyrus BA44.  In conclusion, the empathetic-pain perception formation process discovery were necessary to differentiate every affectional level of the empathetic-pain perception.

A Simple Model for Capture and Emission Time Constants of Random Telegraph Signal Noise

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1352-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younghwan Son ◽  
Taewook Kang ◽  
Sunyoung Park ◽  
Hyungcheol Shin
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Random Telegraph Signal ◽  
Signal Noise ◽  
Emission Time

Kinetics of accumulation of radioiodine by thyroid gland: longer time intervals

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seymour H. Wollman
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Corrected Data ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Kinetics Of

The radioiodide and the protein-bound radioiodine (PBI131) concentrations in the thyroid gland and the serum radioiodide concentrations in mice and rats were measured at various time intervals (up to 25 hr) after injection of radioiodide. The ratio of the radioiodide concentrations in the thyroid gland and serum (T/S) increased progressively with the time interval after injection. If it is assumed that a small but constant fraction of the thyroid PBI131 decomposed during the fractionation of the thyroid I131, the corrected thyroid radiodiode concentration yielded a constant T/S up to 4 hr after injection and the rate of increase of the thyroid PBI131 was proportional to the thyroid radioiodide concentration. The corrected data were therefore consistent with a previously published simple model. Analysis of the source of thyroid radioiodide indicated that at 4 hr after injection almost all was derived from blood serum, but at 25 hr most could have been derived from thyroidal PBI131 by physiological degradation.

The Cockroach DCMD Neurone: II. Dynamics of Response Habituation and Convergence of Spectral Inputs

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONALD H. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Synaptic Depression ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bilateral Pair ◽  
Parallel Channels ◽  
Response Habituation

1. The projections and response properties of a bilateral pair of large visual interneurones in the cockroach Periplaneta are described. The cells are shown to be analogous to the DCMD neurones of locust (Rowell, 1971a). 2. The organization of the afferent input to the cockroach DCMD was explored by examining the response to different types of visual stimuli. The afferent input is organized into an array of parallel channels. Response habitutation occurs within each channel independently of habituation in other channels. 3. The dynamics of habituation and recovery from habituation were examined. A simple model based on these data is proposed that can predict the DCMD response to repetitive stimuli having a wide range of interstimulus intervals. The relation of this model to models of synaptic depression is discussed. 4. Both u.v.-sensitive and green-sensitive photoreceptors in the eye provide input to the DCMD, but this cell remains unable to detect colour.

Auditory Isochrony: Time Shrinking and Temporal Patterns

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert ten Hoopen ◽  
Rob Hartsuiker ◽  
Takayuki Sasaki ◽  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Masako Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Adaptive Method ◽  
Difference Limen ◽  
Rhythm Perception ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
The Third ◽  
Base Interval ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Paradoxical Results

It has previously been reported that the duration of short time intervals is conspicuously underestimated if they are preceded by shorter neighbouring time intervals. This illusion was called ‘time shrinking’ and it was argued that it strongly affects the perception of auditory rhythms. In the present study this supposition has been pursued in three experiments. In the first, temporal patterns consisting of two, three, and four intervals had to be judged for anisochrony, which was invoked by offsetting the last sound from its isochronous position. By a constant method, it was determined that the last sound of fast sequences (50 ms base interval) had to be delayed by about 30 ms in order for isochronous rhythms to be perceived. Another interesting finding was that for sound sequences with base intervals up to 200 ms it was the difference limen, rather than Weber's ratio, that was constant for anisochrony detection. In the second experiment, the temporal patterns comprised two intervals, presented serially or separately. The deviation of isochrony could be on either the first or the second interval. The data, gathered by an adaptive method, showed time shrinking to be effective even up to a base interval of 200 ms. The third experiment involved a constant method and anisochrony was implemented on the first interval of two interval patterns. Time shrinking affected perceived isochrony in sequences with base intervals of 50, 100, and 200 ms. It is argued that the paradoxical results of anisochrony detection can be explained in terms of time shrinking. Some anomalies of rhythm perception and production that are the result of time shrinking are discussed. Finally, a tentative setup for a model of anisochrony detection that defies Weber's law is offered.

The Internal Clock: Electroencephalographic Evidence for Oscillatory Processes Underlying Time Perception

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Treisman ◽  
Norman Cook ◽  
Peter L. N. Naish ◽  
Janice K. MacCrone
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Temporal Perception ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Eeg Spectrum ◽  
Biological Source ◽  
Temporal System ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Oscillatory Processes

It has been proposed that temporal perception and performance depend on a biological source of temporal information. A model for a temporal oscillator put forward by Treisman, Faulkner, Naish, and Brogan (1990) predicted that if intense sensory pulses (such as auditory clicks) were presented to subjects at suitable rates they would perturb the frequency at which the temporal oscillator runs and so cause over- or underestimation of time. The resulting pattern of interference between sensory pulse rates and time judgments would depend on the frequency of the temporal oscillator and so might allow that frequency to be estimated. Such interference patterns were found using auditory clicks and visual flicker (Treisman & Brogan, 1992; Treisman et al., 1990). The present study examines time estimation together with the simultaneously recorded electroencephalogram to examine whether evidence of such an interference pattern can be found in the EEG. Alternative models for the organization of a temporal system consisting of an oscillator or multiple oscillators are considered and predictions derived from them relating to the EEG. An experiment was run in which time intervals were presented for estimation, auditory clicks being given during those intervals, and the EEG was recorded concurrently. Analyses of the EEG revealed interactions between auditory click rates and certain EEG components which parallel the interference patterns previously found. The overall pattern of EEG results is interpreted as favouring a model for the organization of the temporal system in which sets of click-sensitive oscillators spaced at intervals of about 12.8 Hz contribute to the EEG spectrum. These are taken to represent a series of harmonically spaced distributions of oscillators involved in time-keeping.

Electrophysiological Evidence of Auditory Temporal Perception Related to the Assimilation Between Two Neighboring Time Intervals

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takako Mitsudo ◽  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Gerard B Remijn ◽  
Hiroshige Takeichi ◽  
Yoshinobu Goto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Perception ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Electrophysiological Evidence

scholarly journals The Effects of Visual Movement on Beat-Based vs. Duration-Based Temporal Perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-187
Author(s):  
Nathércia L. Torres ◽  
Carlos dos Santos Luiz ◽  
São Luís Castro ◽  
Susana Silva
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Sensorimotor Synchronization ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Temporal Perception ◽  
Perception Task ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Visual Movement ◽  
Timing System ◽  
Perceptual Timing

It is known that moving visual stimuli (bouncing balls) have an advantage over static visual ones (flashes) in sensorimotor synchronization, such that the former match auditory beeps in driving synchronization while the latter do not. This occurs in beat-based synchronization but not in beat-based purely perceptual tasks, suggesting that the advantage is action-specific. The main goal of this study was to test the advantage of moving over static visual stimuli in a different perceptual timing system – duration-based perception – to determine whether the advantage is action-specific in a broad sense, i.e., if it excludes both beat-based and duration-based perception. We asked a group of participants to perform different tasks with three stimulus types: auditory beeps, visual bouncing balls (moving) and visual flashes (static). First, participants performed a duration-based perception task in which they judged whether intervals were speeding up or slowing down; then they did a synchronization task with isochronous sequences; finally, they performed a beat-based perception task in which they judged whether sequences sounded right or wrong. Bouncing balls outperformed flashes and matched beeps in synchronization. In the duration-based perceptual task, beeps, balls and flashes were equivalent, but in beat-based perception beeps outperformed balls and flashes. Our findings suggest that the advantage of moving over static visual stimuli is grounded on action rather than perception in a broad sense, in that it is absent in both beat-based and duration-based perception.

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