scholarly journals Bad to the bone: facial structure predicts unethical behaviour

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1728) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Haselhuhn ◽  
Elaine M. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Unethical Behaviour ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Psychological Sense ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Unethical Intentions ◽  
Genetically Determined

Researchers spanning many scientific domains, including primatology, evolutionary biology and psychology, have sought to establish an evolutionary basis for morality. While researchers have identified social and cognitive adaptations that support ethical behaviour, a consensus has emerged that genetically determined physical traits are not reliable signals of unethical intentions or actions. Challenging this view, we show that genetically determined physical traits can serve as reliable predictors of unethical behaviour if they are also associated with positive signals in intersex and intrasex selection. Specifically, we identify a key physical attribute, the facial width-to-height ratio, which predicts unethical behaviour in men. Across two studies, we demonstrate that men with wider faces (relative to facial height) are more likely to explicitly deceive their counterparts in a negotiation, and are more willing to cheat in order to increase their financial gain. Importantly, we provide evidence that the link between facial metrics and unethical behaviour is mediated by a psychological sense of power. Our results demonstrate that static physical attributes can indeed serve as reliable cues of immoral action, and provide additional support for the view that evolutionary forces shape ethical judgement and behaviour.

Authentic and ethical leadership during a crisis

2020 ◽  
pp. 084047042097305
Author(s):  
David Keselman ◽  
Marcy Saxe-Braithwaite
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Organizational Effectiveness ◽  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
Leadership Practices ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Unethical Behaviour ◽  
Healthcare Environment ◽  
Healing Relationships ◽  
Unethical Leadership ◽  
Human Caring

In today’s climate and environment, the conventional relationship between caring, economic, and leadership practices may no longer meet the needs of patients, clinicians, providers, or systems. It is asserted that in the current complicated and complex healthcare environment challenged by a multitude of issues, a shift toward human caring values and an ethic of authentic healing relationships is required, especially in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The costs of unethical behaviour can be even greater for followers. When we assume the benefits of leadership, we also assume ethical burdens. It is the assertion and experience of the authors that the triangle of ethics and ethical behaviour, followers, and patient’s outcomes is closely interrelated and affects each other in a very intimate and direct way. Unethical leadership may lead to follower disappointment and distrust, leading to lack of interest and commitment, consequently negatively impacting patient outcomes and organizational effectiveness.

Understanding ethical/unethical behavior in pharmaceutical companies: a literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-394
Author(s):  
Geeta Marmat ◽  
Pooja Jain ◽  
P.N. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Keyword Search ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unethical Behaviour ◽  
The Past

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine and review the available literature on ethical/unethical behaviour of pharmaceutical companies and to determine the ethical issues, unethical behaviour by analysing, summarising and categorising the factors related to these issues and unethical behaviour as were studied during the period 2008-2017. Essentially, this paper presents a critical analysis of the available literature on the subject and avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopted the systematic review approach to achieve the purpose of this study and examines the most relevant literature from online existing database sources, available between 2008-2017 by using the keyword search method. Then studies are categorised and summarised, using previously developed theories and frameworks, which have provided evidence to the universal consensus that ethical behavioural outcomes are dependent on the interplay of individual, organisational and environmental factors and have reordered to fulfil the purpose. Findings The findings identify that ethical issues related to pharmaceutical companies as were studied during the period 2008-2017 are drug pricing, drug safety and gift-giving. The organisational variables appeared to be the dominant cause of these ethical issues and unethical practices along with other determinants such as environmental and stakeholders. A large number of studies were in the western country context. Theoretical research has studied more comparatively empirical studies. Research limitations/implications This review provides insights for understanding the ethical issues, unethical behaviour and determinants related to these issues of pharmaceutical companies and provides insights where the literature is standing. This review only includes studies between 2008-2017, which are related to the ethical issue of pharmaceutical companies, therefore, the view is only of the past 10 years papers. This review provides gaps and insight into the source of ideas for future research and will help the researchers in guiding ethics-related information in the context of pharmaceutical companies. Practical implications This study will help the practitioners and policymakers in informing about the issues that required the urgent need to solve and will shed some light to focus and formulate strategies for successful competitive advantage. This study will help researchers who are seeking information related to ethics and ethical behaviour in pharmaceutical companies. Originality/value To the best of my knowledge, this review of understanding ethical/unethical behaviour in pharmaceutical companies of the past 10 years between 2008-2017 has not been done to date. This study is filling the gap by bringing all the information about ethics in pharmaceutical companies at one place, which works as an index of ethics-related study in this specific pharmaceutical company context.

Can Formalisation Ensure Ethical Behaviour Among Teachers? The Mediating Role of Moral Efficacy

2020 ◽  
pp. 227853372096355
Author(s):  
Malakkaran Johny Jino ◽  
Hima Elizabeth Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
Unethical Behaviour ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Moral Efficacy

Formalisation emerges as an important aspect of organisational structure, especially in the wake of disruption of organisational routines. Also, there is a growing recognition that, in recent decades, higher educational institutions started adapting several business-like managerial practices into their system. In this context, the present study aims to determine the likely effect of organisational formalisation on ethical and unethical behaviour among teachers/faculty members. In addition, the study assesses the mediating mechanism of moral efficacy in the aforementioned relationships. A survey-based method was utilised to collect data from the 689 faculty members affiliated with different higher educational institutions in southern India. Structural equation modelling results revealed that formalisation has a significant positive relation with faculty member’s ethical behaviour. However, the study did not provide evidence for the predicted negative relationship between formalisation and unethical behaviour. Further, the results suggested that moral efficacy plays a significant mediating role in both these relations. Results reinforce the underlying theoretical mechanism of social cognitive theory that human function is a reciprocal determinism between person, his/her environment, and behaviour. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

Biological stoichiometry: a theoretical framework connecting ecosystem ecology, evolution, and biochemistry for application in astrobiology

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Elser
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Ecological Stoichiometry ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Cambrian Explosion ◽  
Ecosystem Ecology ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Evolutionary Forces

Astrobiology is an extremely wide-ranging field and thus is in special need of conceptual and theoretical frameworks that can integrate its various arenas of study. In this paper I review recent work associated with a conceptual framework known as ‘ecological stoichiometry’ and even more recent extensions in the development of ‘biological stoichiometry’. Ecological stoichiometry is the study of the balance of energy and multiple chemical elements in ecological interactions and has developed rapidly in the study of nutrient cycling and energy flow in aquatic food webs. It identifies the elemental composition of interacting biota as central in understanding the nature of their interactions and dynamics, including key feedbacks via nutrient recycling. Biological stoichiometry extends this mode of thinking to all types of biological systems. It especially seeks to better understand, at the biochemical and genetic levels, the factors influencing the elemental composition of living things and the evolutionary forces that drive and constrain that elemental composition. By connecting key concepts of ecosystem ecology, evolutionary biology and biochemistry, stoichiometric theory integrates biological information into a more coherent whole that holds considerable promise for application in astrobiology. Several examples of potential astrobiological applications of stoichiometric analysis are offered, including ones related to pre-biotic evolution, the Cambrian explosion, biosignatures and biological feedbacks on planetary carbon cycling.

Ethical Behaviour in Technology-Mediated Communication

2011 ◽  
pp. 201-207
Author(s):  
Sutirtha Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Software Piracy ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Unethical Behaviour

In this information age, serious concerns with unethical behaviour in information technology (e.g., software piracy, deception, plagiarism, etc.) have cast doubts on the claims of the unmitigated success of rapid adoption of information technology. Surprisingly, there have been very few studies in information systems (IS) that have tried to understand the general rise in such unethical behaviours with respect to information technology. Especially, the question that remains to be understood is: Are these problems of unethical behaviour representative of the human nature at large, or are they related to characteristics of technology in any way? This article tries to partly answer this question. It looks at dyadic communicative behaviour using technology-mediated communication and proposes a conceptual model of unethical communicative behaviour.

Evolution in Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Diamond ◽  
Ryan A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Online Publication ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Biology Research

Although research performed in cities will not uncover new evolutionary mechanisms, it could provide unprecedented opportunities to examine the interplay of evolutionary forces in new ways and new avenues to address classic questions. However, while the variation within and among cities affords many opportunities to advance evolutionary biology research, careful alignment between how cities are used and the research questions being asked is necessary to maximize the insights that can be gained. In this review, we develop a framework to help guide alignment between urban evolution research approaches and questions. Using this framework, we highlight what has been accomplished to date in the field of urban evolution and identify several up-and-coming research directions for further expansion. We conclude that urban environments can be used as evolutionary test beds to tackle both new and long-standing questions in evolutionary biology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Ethical Behaviour in Technology-Mediated Communication

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sutirtha Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Software Piracy ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Unethical Behaviour

In this information age, serious concerns with unethical behaviour in information technology (e.g., software piracy, deception, plagiarism, etc.) have cast doubts on the claims of the unmitigated success of rapid adoption of information technology. Surprisingly, there have been very few studies in information systems (IS) that have tried to understand the general rise in such unethical behaviours with respect to information technology. Especially, the question that remains to be understood is: Are these problems of unethical behaviour representative of the human nature at large, or are they related to characteristics of technology in any way? This article tries to partly answer this question. It looks at dyadic communicative behaviour using technology-mediated communication and proposes a conceptual model of unethical communicative behaviour.

Leading well is not enough

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-180
Author(s):  
Saima Ahmad ◽  
Amrik Singh Sohal ◽  
Julie Wolfram Cox
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unethical Behaviour ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose While research on the influence of ethical and unethical behaviour on employee well-being abound, we still know little of how well-being is shaped under the dual positive and negative behavioural influences in the workplace. To address this limitation, this paper aims to investigate the relative effects of ethical behaviour of leadership and unethical bullying behaviour on employee well-being through the application of the conservation of resources theory. Design/methodology/approach This study was conducted in the context of Pakistan by seeking views of 330 employees in academic work settings. Findings The data analysis revealed that occurrence of unethical behaviour plays a more potent role than ethical behaviour in shaping employee well-being. These findings lend support to the conservation of resources theoretical perspective by reiterating the salience of resource loss over resource gain in shaping employee well-being. Originality/value This study offers a new insight into the management literature by highlighting that combating workplace bullying not only conserves employee well-being, but also allows organisations to capitalise more fully on the positive process enabled by leadership.

scholarly journals Guilt and proneness to shame: Unethical behaviour in vulnerable and grandiose narcissism

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Georgees Poless ◽  
Linda Torstveit ◽  
Ricardo Gregorio Lugo ◽  
Marita Andreassen ◽  
Stefan Sütterlin
Keyword(s):  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Ethical Behaviour ◽  
Grandiose Narcissism ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Vulnerable Narcissism ◽  
Unethical Behaviour ◽  
Shame Proneness ◽  
Unethical Decision Making ◽  
Guilt Proneness

Narcissists are described as individuals with dysfunctional personality traits such as lack of psychological awareness and empathy. Theories of ethical behaviour assume that unethical actions trigger moral emotions of guilt and shame. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge on moral emotions as dispositional traits and their potential influences on behaviour in individuals with narcissistic traits. The present study examined vulnerable and grandiose narcissism’s differences in the propensity to experience guilt and shame as a proneness, across a range of personal transgressions. Guilt proneness was measured by negative evaluation of unethical behaviour, and whether this evaluation could influence reparation of tendencies of unethical action in vulnerable and grandiose narcissism. Shame proneness was investigated by negative evaluation of the self, and then whether the previous tendency could affect unethical decision making and behaviour (e.g., hiding), in vulnerable and grandiose narcissism. Two hundred and sixteen participants responded to the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory Scale and the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale in an online questionnaire. Findings indicate that grandiose narcissism was negatively associated with guilt proneness, and the relation between the vulnerable narcissism and guilt proneness was negative. Additionally, the results confirm a negative association between grandiose narcissism and shame proneness, especially related to the subscale ‘shame negative self-evaluation’. Furthermore, guilt and shame proneness explained 20% of the variance in vulnerable narcissism and 11% in grandiose narcissism. This research indicates that both vulnerable and grandiose narcissism have the tendency to make unethical decisions, and they are more likely to enact in unethical behaviour. These findings are relevant for the detection of narcissistic individual’s propensity to act unethically in social context.

scholarly journals Local adaptation fuels cryptic speciation in terrestrial annelids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fernández Marchán ◽  
Marta Novo ◽  
Nuria Sánchez ◽  
Jorge Domínguez ◽  
Darío J. Díaz Cosín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Cryptic Speciation ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Genome Wide

AbstractUncovering the genetic and evolutionary basis of cryptic speciation is a major focus of evolutionary biology. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) allows the identification of genome-wide local adaptation signatures, but has rarely been applied to cryptic complexes - particularly in the soil milieu - as is the case with integrative taxonomy. The earthworm genus Carpetania, comprising six previously suggested putative cryptic lineages, is a promising model to study the evolutionary phenomena shaping cryptic speciation in soil-dwelling lineages. Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) was used to provide genome-wide information about genetic variability between seventeen populations, and geometric morphometrics analyses of genital chaetae were performed to investigate unexplored cryptic morphological evolution. Genomic analyses revealed the existence of three cryptic species, with half of the previously-identified potential cryptic lineages clustering within them. Local adaptation was detected in more than 800 genes putatively involved in a plethora of biological functions (most notably reproduction, metabolism, immunological response and morphogenesis). Several genes with selection signatures showed shared mutations for each of the cryptic species, and genes under selection were enriched in functions related to regulation of transcription, including SNPs located in UTR regions. Finally, geometric morphometrics approaches partially confirmed the phylogenetic signal of relevant morphological characters such as genital chaetae. Our study therefore unveils that local adaptation and regulatory divergence are key evolutionary forces orchestrating genome evolution in soil fauna.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document